The Effect of Polybutylcyanoacrylate Nanoparticles as a Protos Delivery Vehicle on Dental Bone Formation.

Background: Dental implants are commonly used for missing teeth, for which success depends heavily on the quality of the alveolar bone. The creation of an ideal implant site is a key component in shortening the treatment time, which remains clinically challenging. Strontium ranelate (Protos) is an anti-osteoporotic agent which has previously been used to promote bone formation, however the systemic use of Protos has been linked to serious cardiovascular and venous thromboembolic events, thus local delivery strategies may be better suited for this purpose.

Valproic acid-induced amphiregulin secretion confers resistance to temozolomide treatment in human glioma cells.

Background: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most severe type of primary brain tumor with a high mortality rate. Although extensive treatments for GBM, including resection, irradiation, chemotherapy and immunotherapy, have been tried, the prognosis is still poor. Temozolomide (TMZ), an alkylating agent, is a front-line chemotherapeutic drug for the clinical treatment of GBM; however, its effects are very limited because of the chemoresistance.

Correction: Evaluation of a novel biodegradable thermosensitive keto-hydrogel for improving postoperative pain in a rat model.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Propyl Gallate Exerts an Antimigration Effect on Temozolomide-Treated Malignant Glioma Cells through Inhibition of ROS and the NF-B Pathway.

In this study, we demonstrated that temozolomide (TMZ) and propyl gallate (PG) combination enhanced the inhibition of migration in human U87MG glioma cells. PG inhibited the TMZ-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The mitochondrial complex III and NADPH oxidase are two critical sites that can be considered to regulate antimigration in TMZ-treated U87MG cells.

Evaluation of a novel biodegradable thermosensitive keto-hydrogel for improving postoperative pain in a rat model.

This study evaluates the sustained analgesic effect of ketorolac-eluting thermosensitive biodegradable hydrogel in the plantar incisional pain model of the rat hind-paw. A ketorolac-embedded 2, 2'-Bis (2-oxazolin) (BOX) linking methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (mPEG-PLGA) diblock copolymer (BOX copolymer) was synthesized as keto-hydrogel based on optimal sol-gel phase transition and in vitro drug release profile. The effect of keto-hydrogel on postoperative pain (POP) was assessed using the established plantar incisional pain model in hind-paw of rats and compared to that of ketorolac solution.

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Loaded PS80 PBCA Nanocarrier for In Vitro Neural Differentiation of Mouse Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.

Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) can induce neural differentiation in stem cells and has the potential for repair of the nervous system. In this study, a polysorbate 80-coated polybutylcyanoacrylate nanocarrier (PS80 PBCA NC) was constructed to deliver plasmid DNAs (DNAs) containing BDNF gene attached to a hypoxia-responsive element (HRE-cmvBDNF). The hypoxia-sensing mechanism of BDNF expression and inductiveness of the nano-formulation on mouse induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to differentiate into neurons following hypoxia was tested in vitro with immunofluorescent staining and Western blotting.

Dexamethasone reduces brain cell apoptosis and inhibits inflammatory response in rats with intracerebral hemorrhage.

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity. Thus, the identification of novel therapeutic agents for preventing strokes and attenuating poststroke brain damage is crucial. Dexamethasone (DEX) is used clinically to reduce edema formation in patients with spinal cord injury and brain tumors.

Polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles for delivering hormone response element-conjugated neurotrophin-3 to the brain of intracerebral hemorrhagic rats.

Hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a rapidly evolutional pathology, inducing necrotic cell death followed by apoptosis, and alters gene expression levels in surrounding tissue of an injured brain. For ICH therapy by controlled gene release, the development of intravenously administrable delivery vectors to promote the penetration across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical challenge. To enhance transfer efficiency of genetic materials under hypoxic conditions, polybutylcyanoacrylate (PBCA) nanoparticles (NPs) were used to mediate the intracellular transport of plasmid neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) containing hormone response element (HRE) with a cytomegalovirus (cmv) promoter and to differentiate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).

Polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticle-mediated neurotrophin-3 gene delivery for differentiating iPS cells into neurons.

Guided neuronal differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with genetic regulation is an important issue in biomedical research and in clinical practice for nervous regeneration and repair. To enhance the intracellular delivery of plasmid DNA (pDNA), polybutylcyanoacrylate (PBCA) nanoparticles (NPs) were employed to mediate the transport of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) into iPSCs. The ability of iPSCs to differentiate into neuronal lineages was shown by immunofluorescent staining, western blotting, and flow cytometry.

TATVHL peptide-grafted alginate/poly(γ-glutamic acid) scaffolds with inverted colloidal crystal topology for neuronal differentiation of iPS cells.

The neuronal differentiation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells in scaffolding biomaterials is an emerging issue in nervous regeneration and repair. This study presents the production of neuron-lineage cells from iPS cells in inverted colloidal crystal (ICC) scaffolds comprising alginate, poly(γ-glutamic acid) (γ-PGA), and TATVHL peptide. The ability of iPS cells to differentiate toward neurons in the constructs was demonstrated by flow-cytometeric sorting and immunochemical staining.

Chronic cigarette smoke exposure enhances brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in rats with traumatic brain injury.

The involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in regulating neuronal survival during neuron differentiation, growth, and maturation, and during the regeneration of injured nerve cells, has already been documented. In experimental Parkinson's disease, chronic exposure to cigarette smoke increased BDNF levels and survival of dopaminergic neurons. BDNF is also elevated in traumatic brain injury (TBI), where it is potentially involved in post-injury repair and regeneration.

Chondrogenesis in scaffolds with surface modification of elastin and poly-L-lysine.

A tissue engineering cartilage is of great importance in the current diarthrodial surgery. This study presents the formation of neocartilage by cultivating chondrocytes in elastin- and poly-L-lysine-modified scaffolds. The hybrid bulk biomaterials used contained polyethylene oxide, chitin, and chitosan and were fabricated by crosslinking, pre-freezing, and lyophilization.

Transcytosis of CRM197-grafted polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles for delivering zidovudine across human brain-microvascular endothelial cells.

This study investigates the capability of CRM197-grafted polybutylcyanoacrylate (PBCA) nanoparticles (NPs) (CRM197/PBCA NPs) to carry zidovudine (AZT) across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). AZT was loaded on CRM197/PBCA NPs to traverse the monolayer of human brain-microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) regulated by human astrocytes. The particle size distribution of AZT-loaded CRM197/PBCA NPs was quite uniform.

Solid lipid nanoparticles comprising internal Compritol 888 ATO, tripalmitin and cacao butter for encapsulating and releasing stavudine, delavirdine and saquinavir.

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) with complex internal phase were fabricated for formulating stavudine (D4T), delavirdine (DLV), and saquinavir (SQV). The lipids including Compritol 888 ATO, tripalmitin, and cacao butter were stabilized by L-α-phospatidylcholine, cholesteryl hemisuccinate, and taurocholate to form SLNs. The results revealed that the morphology of SLNs was spheroidal with shallow surface pits.

Dexamethasone inhibits ICAM-1 and MMP-9 expression and reduces brain edema in intracerebral hemorrhagic rats.

Background: The molecular mechanism of hemorrhagic stroke is unclear, and the identification of therapeutic agents for attenuating post-stroke brain damage remains an unresolved challenge. Dexamethasone (DEX) is used clinically to treat spinal cord injury and brain tumor patients by reducing edema formation, but has produced conflicting results in stroke management.

Methods: In this study, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) was induced in rats by intracranial stereotactic injection of collagenase into the caudate nucleus.

Brain protection by methylprednisolone in rats with spinal cord injury.

Traumatic spinal cord injury is clinically treated by high doses of methylprednisolone. However, the effect of methylprednisolone on the brain in spinal cord injury patients has been little investigated. This experimental study examined Bcl-2 and Bax protein expression and Nissl staining to evaluate an apoptosis-related intracellular signaling event and final neuron death, respectively.

Cigarette smoking decreases neurotrophin-3 expression in rat hippocampus after transient forebrain ischemia.

Stroke is a common cause of death and severe disability among adults in developed countries. Cigarette smoking adversely affects human health in many ways and is considered to be a risk factor for a stroke. However, the mechanism that determines the relative importance of neurotrophins in this process remains unclear.

Application of bovine pituitary extract and polyglycolide/poly(lactide-co-glycolide) scaffold to the cultivation of bovine knee chondrocytes.

In vitro cultivation of primary bovine knee chondrocytes (BKCs), using bovine pituitary extract (BPE) and porous scaffolds composed of polyglycolide (PGA) and 85/15 poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), was investigated. Here, BPE was prepared from fresh bovine pituitaries, and cylindrical PGA/PLGA scaffolds with various chemical compositions were fabricated by solvent merging/particulate leaching method. Experimental results showed that in microcarrier systems, the rate of BKC growth on PGA surfaces is faster than that on PLGA surfaces, and the decrease in the medium pH value of BKCs-adsorbed PGA particles is faster than that of BKCs-adsorbed PLGA particles.