The Characteristics of Real-time Transvaginal Sono-elastography in Endometrial Cancer.

Background: Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological cancer among women in developed countries. Sono-elastography is an extended ultrasonographic technique that has been shown to be useful in a wide range of conditions ranging from breast, prostate, and thyroid nodules to chronic liver disease and musculoskeletal conditions. The aim of this study is to compare the sonoelastographic features of endometrial malignancy and normal endometrium.

MRI signs of intrauterine fetal demise.

Intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD) is an uncommon but serious event that may occasionally be encountered on fetal MRI. Compared to the more florid signs of fetal demise which has occurred some time ago, recent IUFD is associated with more subtle findings that may be missed or misinterpreted. The two main MRI sequences used in imaging the fetus are T2-like two-dimensional balanced steady-state free-precession (SSFP), a white blood sequence, or T2-weighted single-shot fast spin-echo (SSFSE), a black blood sequence.

A systematic approach to imaging the pelvis in amenorrhea.

This is a pictorial review on the radiological approach to patients with amenorrhea using a level-based framework. The prevalence of amenorrhea is 3 to 4% with wide-ranging causes involving multiple clinical disciplines. Normal menstruation depends on complex coordinated hormonal functions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis exerting its effect on an intact uterine end-organ and outflow tract.

Age-related nomograms for antral follicle count and anti-Mullerian hormone for subfertile Chinese women in Singapore.

Background: Antral follicle count (AFC) and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) are known as the most reliable markers of a woman's ovarian reserve and are related to age. There is currently no specific local age-related centile charts for AFC and AMH. Therefore, we aim to examine the relationship between AFC and AMH with age and construct age-related nomograms among a subfertile Asian population.

The current status of three-dimensional ultrasonography in gynaecology.

Ultrasonography (US) is the most recent cross-sectional imaging modality to acquire three-dimensional (3D) capabilities. The reconstruction of volumetric US data for multiplanar display took a significantly longer time to develop in comparison with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The current equipment for 3D-US is capable of producing high-resolution images in three different planes, including real-time surface-rendered images.

Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery (MRgFUS) of uterine fibroids in Singapore.

Introduction: Uterine fibroids are the most common type of gynaecologic benign tumours, occurring in 25% to 50% of women during their reproductive lives. About half of the affected women have clinically significant symptoms, including abnormal bleeding, menstrual pain, frequent urination, constipation and abdominal distension. Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery (MRgFUS) has been used to treat patients with benign lesions and a variety of malignancies.

Ruptured interstitial ectopic pregnancy at 18 weeks gestation diagnosed by MRI: a case report.

Ectopic pregnancy in the interstitial part of the fallopian tube is a rare event, associated with a high rate of complications due to delayed diagnosis. Rupture of such pregnancy often results in catastrophic hemorrhage. Several reports highlighted the role of magnetic resonance imaging in establishing the diagnosis of interstitial pregnancy, but magnetic resonance imaging findings of a ruptured advanced interstitial ectopic pregnancy have not been published before.

Pediatric risk of malignancy index for preoperative evaluation of childhood ovarian tumors.

Purpose: This study aimed to develop and provisionally validate a novel scoring index for preoperative cancer-risk prediction in childhood ovarian tumors.

Methods: Fifty-five girls aged 18 and below underwent surgery for ovarian masses between 2004 and 2009. Benign or non-benign histological diagnoses (the latter including all malignant and borderline tumors and tumors containing immature components) were correlated with clinical and biochemical parameters, and blinded scores of ultrasound and computed-tomography using multivariate logistic regression.

Neonatal ovarian cysts: role of sonography in diagnosing torsion.

Introduction: The purpose of this case series was to determine the sonographic features of neonatal ovarian torsion.

Materials And Methods: Seven surgically proven cases of neonatal ovarian cysts were included in this retrospective study. The patients were divided into 2 groups, torsion and non-torsion.

A retrospective review of uterine scar pregnancies: single centre experience.

Purpose: Our aim was to present our experience with the management of six women with uterine scar pregnancies in KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.

Methods: The medical records of women with a pregnancy in previous uterine scar that had been diagnosed in our department during 2004-2008 were reviewed.

Results: Out of six women, one woman presented in mid-trimester, at 16 weeks with severe abdominal pain and persistent vomiting.

Magnetic resonance imaging of the fetal central nervous system in Singapore.

Introduction: Fetal imaging has improved with the development of faster magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences, obviating the requirement for sedation. It is useful in characterising abnormality of the central nervous system in fetuses with abnormal or equivocal antenatal ultrasound findings. We reviewed all cases of fetal brain and spine MRI performed in our institution.