An Evaluation of Naloxone Use for Opioid Overdoses in West Virginia: A Literature Review.

Naloxone is a common treatment option for the reversal of an opioid overdose. The law regulating naloxone varies from state to state and therefore so does the drug's availability. The state of Rhode Island has legalized naloxone for over-the-counter use while a number of states allow prescriptions to opioid abusers and family members.

Nonautocatalytic methemoglobin formation by sodium nitrite under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

Aerobic exposure of human hemoglobin in 1:1 molar ratio to sodium nitrite induced an immediate and progressive formation of methemoglobin. Neither lag nor autocatalytic phases were observed, contrary to what was seen when diluted hemoglobin in buffered solutions was used. Hemolyzed whole blood, washed red cells with their plasma replaced by saline, and whole blood were exposed to identical sodium nitrite concentrations.

Effects of exposure of blood hemoglobin to nitric oxide.

The effect of oxygen exposure on nitrosylhemoglobin of whole human blood or its buffered solution has been determined. The amount of methemoglobin formed was determined by an anaerobic modification of the Evelyn-Malloy method; 59% of the total hemoglobin of whole blood was oxidized to methemoglobin in the first 15 min of the oxygen exposure and 78% of the total hemoglobin was oxidized after 120 min of oxygen exposure. Similar results were obtained when nitrosylhemoglobin buffered solutions were exposed to the oxygen of the air.

Changes in arteriole in acute and chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and recovery in rat.

After 1 h of exposure to 0.5 atm of pressure, the electron microscopy of intra-acinar arterioles of the young female adult rat showed edema and subendothelial blebs. Pulmonary hypertension developed rapidly with an increase in hemoglobin, hematocrit, and right ventricular weight.

In vitro methemoglobin formation in human blood exposed to NO2.

The in vitro formation of methemoglobin in human blood was determined for various NO2 concentrations and exposure times. Blood was exposed either to measured amounts of NO2 in air or to a continuous flow of known concentrations of NO2 in air. CO2 was added to the gas phase to maintain pH and PCO2 in a normal range.