Production and performance evaluation of biodiesel from using natural snail shell-based heterogeneous catalyst: kinetics, modeling and optimisation by artificial neural network.

This study presents an approach to produce biodiesel from using natural heterogeneous catalysts derived from raw, calcined, and acid-activated forms of waste snail shells. The catalysts were thoroughly characterized using SEM, and process parameters were systematically evaluated during biodiesel production. Our results demonstrate a remarkable crop oil yield of 58.