Evolution of foetal echocardiography as a screening tool for prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease.

Congenital cardiac anomalies are the most common anomalies, with an estimated incidence of about 4-13 per 1000 live births. Proper perinatal and neonatal management is dependent upon accurate prenatal diagnosis. Approximately 10% of foetuses with cardiac abnormalities have identified risk factors; hence, most of the anomalies occur in pregnancies without prenatal risk factors.

Uterine fibroid: clinical presentation and relative morbidity of abdominal myomectomy and total abdominal hysterectomy, in a teaching hospital of Karachi, Pakistan.

Objective: To compare clinical presentation and morbidity of abdominal myomectomy and hysterectomy.

Methods: We reviewed medical records of 441 patients with symptomatic fibroid, treated by myomectomy (135) or hysterectomy (306) at The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from January 1991 to December 1995. Z-test and risk estimates with 95% confidence intervals were calculated.