Physiological change in ganglion cell inner plexiform layer and nerve fibre layer thickness over six years.

Background: To evaluate the 6-year physiological rates-of-change in ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness measured with optical coherence tomography.

Methods: We included 2202 out of 2661 subjects from the population-based Singapore Chinese Eye Study who returned for follow-up 6 years after baseline examination (follow-up rate 87.7%).

Associations between shorter leucocyte telomere length and increased risk of age-related macular degeneration in women: insights from the United Kingdom Biobank study.

Objectives: To determine the association between telomere length (TL) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and examine the potential variations with sex and ethnicity.

Methods: Population-based, cross-sectional study. A total of 52,083 participants from the UK Biobank were included.

Enhancing AI reliability: A foundation model with uncertainty estimation for optical coherence tomography-based retinal disease diagnosis.

Inability to express the confidence level and detect unseen disease classes limits the clinical implementation of artificial intelligence in the real world. We develop a foundation model with uncertainty estimation (FMUE) to detect 16 retinal conditions on optical coherence tomography (OCT). In the internal test set, FMUE achieves a higher F1 score of 95.

Sex Differences in Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome: 30-Year US Trends and Mortality Risks-Brief Report.

Background: The American Heart Association recently published guidelines on how to clinically identify and categorize individuals with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome. The extent to which CKM syndrome prevalence and prognosis differ by sex remains unknown. This study aimed to examine the impact of sex on trends in prevalence over 30 years and the long-term prognosis of CKM syndrome in the United States.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids as Protective Factors for Age-related Macular Degeneration: Prospective Cohort and Mendelian Randomization Analyses.

Purpose: Epidemiological studies and clinical trials have reported inconsistent findings regarding the protective role of omega-3 fatty acids in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), we investigated their association in a prospective cohort and examined causality using Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses.

Design: Prospective cohort study and two-sample MR analyses.

Participants: We included individuals of European descent from UK Biobank with plasma omega-3 and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) measurement.

Linking Iris Cis-Regulatory Variants to Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma Via Clinical Imaging and Multiomics.

Purpose: To elucidate the genetic basis of primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) by identifying pathogenic tissue and critical tissue-specific variants.

Methods: The correlations among PACG susceptibility, axial length (AL), and anterior chamber depth (ACD) were evaluated using meta-analyses. Propensity score matching was utilized on 2161 participants from the Handan Eye Study to determine the risk factors independent of ACD and AL for PACG.

Lipid-lowering drug and complement factor H genotyping-personalized treatment strategy for age-related macular degeneration.

We investigated whether the effect of lipid-lowering drugs (LLDs) on age-related macular degeneration (AMD) differs according to the main complement genetic variants in Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases (SEED) ( = 5,579) and UK Biobank studies ( = 445,727). The effect of LLD was determined for each stratum of 20 complement genetic variants. In SEED, 484 individuals developed AMD and 216 showed progression over 6 years.

Interplay between Lipids and Complement Proteins-How Multiomics Data Integration Can Help Unravel Age-related Macular Degeneration Pathophysiology: A Proof-of-concept Study.

Objective: Our objectives were to identify correlation patterns between complement and lipid pathways using a multiomics data integration approach and to determine how these interconnections affect age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Design: Nested case-control study.

Subjects And Controls: The analyses were performed in a subset of the Singapore Indian Eye Study.

The protective effect of vitamin B12 on neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia-free older adults in a multi-ethnic population.

Background And Aims: Vitamin B12 deficiency has been associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS), but the relationship between vitamin B12 and NPS remains unclear prior to the onset of dementia. The study aims to examine the association between vitamin B12 and NPS in dementia-free Asian older adults.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional population-based study where multi-ethnic community-dwelling Asian participants (i.

Validity and Reliability of Self-Reported Prevalent and Incident Cardiovascular Disease Among Asian Adults.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in Asians. We aimed to examine the validity and reliability of self-reported (SR) CVD in 6762 Chinese, Malay, and Indian adults aged 40-80 years who attended the baseline (November 2004) and 6-year follow-up visit (2011-2017) of a population-based cohort study in Singapore. CVD was defined based on the presence of existing (prevalent) or new onset (incident) cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or stroke.

Associations of Metabolically Healthy Obesity and Retinal Age Gap.

Purpose: We investigated the association between metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and retinal age gap and explored potential sex differences in this association.

Methods: This study included 30,335 participants from the UK Biobank. Body mass index (BMI) was classified into normal weight, overweight, and obesity.

A Competition for the Diagnosis of Myopic Maculopathy by Artificial Intelligence Algorithms.

Importance: Myopic maculopathy (MM) is a major cause of vision impairment globally. Artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning (DL) algorithms for detecting MM from fundus images could potentially improve diagnosis and assist screening in a variety of health care settings.

Objectives: To evaluate DL algorithms for MM classification and segmentation and compare their performance with that of ophthalmologists.

Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids as a Protective Factor for Myopia.

Purpose: Animal models suggest omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may protect against myopia by modulating choroidal blood perfusion, but clinical evidence is scarce and mixed. We aimed to determine the causality between omega-3 PUFAs and myopia using Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.

Design: Two-sample MR analysis.

Housing status is protective of neuropsychiatric symptoms among dementia-free multi-ethnic Asian elderly.

Background: Housing has been associated with dementia risk and disability, but associations of housing with differential patterns of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) among dementia-free older adults remain to be explored. The present study sought to explore the contribution of housing status on NPS and subsyndromes associated with cognitive dysfunction in community-dwelling dementia-free elderly in Singapore.

Methods: A total of 839 dementia-free elderly from the Epidemiology of Dementia in Singapore (EDIS) study aged ≥ 60 were enrolled in the current study.

Anatomical compensation of retinal nerve fiber layer improves the detection of glaucoma between ethnicities.

The study aimed to evaluate the impact of compensating retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness for demographic and anatomical factors on glaucoma detection in Chinese and Indian adults. A population-based study included 1995 healthy participants (1076 Chinese and 919 Indians) to construct a multivariable linear regression compensation model. This model was applied to 357 Chinese glaucoma patients, 357 healthy Chinese, and 357 healthy Indians using Cirrus spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Comparative Analysis of Vision Transformers and Conventional Convolutional Neural Networks in Detecting Referable Diabetic Retinopathy.

Objective: Vision transformers (ViTs) have shown promising performance in various classification tasks previously dominated by convolutional neural networks (CNNs). However, the performance of ViTs in referable diabetic retinopathy (DR) detection is relatively underexplored. In this study, using retinal photographs, we evaluated the comparative performances of ViTs and CNNs on detection of referable DR.

Ocular image-based deep learning for predicting refractive error: A systematic review.

Background: Uncorrected refractive error is a major cause of vision impairment worldwide and its increasing prevalent necessitates effective screening and management strategies. Meanwhile, deep learning, a subset of Artificial Intelligence, has significantly advanced ophthalmological diagnostics by automating tasks that required extensive clinical expertise. Although recent studies have investigated the use of deep learning models for refractive power detection through various imaging techniques, a comprehensive systematic review on this topic is has yet be done.