Prediction of venous thromboembolism incidence in the general adult population using two published genetic risk scores.

Introduction: Most strategies for prevention of venous thromboembolism focus on preventing recurrent events. Yet, primary prevention might be possible through approaches targeting the whole population or high-risk patients. To inform possible prevention strategies, population-based information on the ability of genetic risk scores to identify risk of incident venous thromboembolism is needed.

Lifestyle Moderates Genetic Risk of Venous Thromboembolism: The ARIC Study.

Objective: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common disease that has a genetic basis. Lifestyle factors contribute to risk, but it is unknown whether healthy lifestyle can mitigate the genetic risk. We studied whether greater adherence to the American Heart Association's cardiovascular health metric, Life's Simple 7 (LS7), is associated with lower incidence of VTE in individuals across categories of a genetic risk score (GRS) for VTE.

Reasons for Differences in the Incidence of Venous Thromboembolism in Black Versus White Americans.

Introduction: Venous thromboembolism incidence rates are 30%-100% higher in US blacks than whites. We examined the degree to which differences in the frequencies of socioeconomic, lifestyle, medical risk factors, and genetic variants explain the excess venous thromboembolism risk in blacks and whether some risk factors are more strongly associated with venous thromboembolism in blacks compared with whites.

Methods: We measured venous thromboembolism risk factors in black and white participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study in 1987-1989 and followed them prospectively through 2015 for venous thromboembolism incidence.

Associations of calcium and dairy product intakes with all-cause, all-cancer, colorectal cancer and CHD mortality among older women in the Iowa Women's Health Study.

Ca and dairy product intakes may be inversely associated with all-cause and cause-specific mortality, and non-Ca components of dairy products, such as insulin-like growth factor-1, may be independently associated with mortality. We investigated associations of Ca and dairy product intakes with all-cause, all-cancer, colorectal cancer (CRC) and CHD mortality among 35 221 55- to 69-year-old women in the prospective Iowa Women's Health Study, who were cancer-free in 1986. We assessed diet using a Willett FFQ, and associations using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression.

Associations of Calcium, Vitamin D, and Dairy Product Intakes with Colorectal Cancer Risk among Older Women: The Iowa Women's Health Study.

Calcium and, to a lesser extent, dairy products are consistently modestly inversely associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). Dairy products may contain components other than calcium and fat, such as insulin-like growth factor-1, that may affect CRC risk. In the prospective Iowa Women's Health Study, calcium, dairy product, and vitamin D intakes were assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire.

Multiancestral analysis of inflammation-related genetic variants and C-reactive protein in the population architecture using genomics and epidemiology study.

Background: C-reactive protein (CRP) is a biomarker of inflammation. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with CRP concentrations and inflammation-related traits such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity. We aimed to replicate previous CRP-SNP associations, assess whether these associations generalize to additional race/ethnicity groups, and evaluate inflammation-related SNPs for a potentially pleiotropic association with CRP.

Effects of smoking on the genetic risk of obesity: the population architecture using genomics and epidemiology study.

Background: Although smoking behavior is known to affect body mass index (BMI), the potential for smoking to influence genetic associations with BMI is largely unexplored.

Methods: As part of the 'Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE)' Consortium, we investigated interaction between genetic risk factors associated with BMI and smoking for 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously identified in genome-wide association studies. We included 6 studies with a total of 56,466 subjects (16,750 African Americans (AA) and 39,716 European Americans (EA)).

Obesity modifies the relations between serum markers of dairy fats and inflammation and oxidative stress among adolescents.

Pentadecanoic acid (15:0) and heptadecanoic acid (17:0), the dairy-specific saturated fatty acids have been inversely, while inflammation and oxidative stress have been positively related to the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Both fatty acid metabolism and inflammation and oxidative stress may be influenced by adiposity. In the current cross-sectional analyses among adolescents (mean age 15 years), we determined whether overweight status modified the associations between dairy fatty acids (pentadecanoic acid (15:0) and heptadecanoic acid (17:0)) represented in serum phospholipids (PL) and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress.

Predicting cardiovascular risk in young adulthood from the metabolic syndrome, its component risk factors, and a cluster score in childhood.

Objective: The value of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in childhood and adolescence and its stability into young adulthood have been questioned. This study compared the MetS in late childhood (mean age 13) versus a cluster score of the MetS components as predictors of young adult (mean age 22) cardiovascular risk.

Methods: Anthropometrics, blood pressure, lipid profile, and insulin resistance (insulin clamp) were obtained in 265 individuals at mean ages 13 and 22.

Fruit and vegetable consumption and its relation to markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in adolescents.

Background: Fruits and vegetables, foods rich in flavonoids and antioxidants, have been associated with lower risk of stroke, coronary heart disease, and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in adults. Markers of inflammation and oxidative stress are predictors of coronary heart disease risk; however, it is unknown whether these markers are related to dietary flavonoid and antioxidant intake in youth.

Objective: To determine whether greater intakes of fruit and vegetables, antioxidants, folate, and total flavonoids were inversely associated with markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in 285 adolescent boys and girls aged 13 to 17 years.

Changes in insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk during adolescence: establishment of differential risk in males and females.

Background: Developmental changes in insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk were studied in youths 11 to 19 years of age.

Methods And Results: A cohort was randomly selected after blood pressure screening of Minneapolis, Minn, school children. Studies were done 3 times on this cohort and once on their siblings (996 observations on 507 individuals from 363 families).

Measurement of insulin sensitivity in children: comparison between the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp and surrogate measures.

Objective: In this study we compared fasting insulin and measures of insulin sensitivity (M) based on fasting insulin and glucose (i.e., homeostasis model assessment [HOMA], quantitative insulin sensitivity check index [QUICKI], and fasting glucose-to-insulin ratio [FGIR]) or triglycerides to the insulin clamp in a cohort of children/adolescents.

Flavonoid intake and cardiovascular disease mortality: a prospective study in postmenopausal women.

Background: Dietary flavonoids may have beneficial cardiovascular effects in human populations, but epidemiologic study results have not been conclusive.

Objective: We used flavonoid food composition data from 3 recently available US Department of Agriculture databases to improve estimates of dietary flavonoid intake and to evaluate the association between flavonoid intake and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality.

Design: Study participants were 34 489 postmenopausal women in the Iowa Women's Health Study who were free of CVD and had complete food-frequency questionnaire information at baseline.

Pancreatic cancer incidence in relation to female reproductive factors: Iowa Women's Health Study.

Objective: Motivated by inconsistent literature, we evaluated the association between incident pancreatic cancer and reproductive characteristics.

Design: The Iowa Women's Health Study is a large prospective population-based cohort followed from 1986 to 2003. Reproductive information was self-reported.

Influence of insulin resistance and body mass index at age 13 on systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol at age 19.

The association of insulin resistance and body mass index (BMI) at age 13 years and change in insulin resistance and BMI from ages 13 to 19 years with systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol at age 19 years was studied in black and non-Hispanic white children. Insulin clamps were conducted at mean ages 13 (N=357), 15 (N=309), and 19 (N=224) years with insulin resistance adjusted for lean body mass. A repeated-measures multiple regression model was used to predict the 3 risk factors and the clustering of the factors with fasting insulin (the insulin resistance [metabolic] syndrome score) at age 19 years from levels of insulin resistance and BMI at age 13 and their changes from ages 13 to 19 years.

Magnesium intake and reduced risk of colon cancer in a prospective study of women.

A recent prospective study among Swedish women suggested an inverse association of dietary magnesium intake with incidence of colorectal cancer. The authors assessed this association in a cohort of 35,196 Iowa women initially free of cancer and aged 55-69 years in 1986. Intakes of magnesium and other nutrients were assessed by food frequency questionnaire at baseline.

Relation of C-reactive protein to insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors in youth.

Objective: Insulin resistance and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are strongly correlated in adults. This study explored the relationship in youth.

Research Design And Methods: Associations between CRP levels, cardiovascular risk, and insulin resistance measured by the euglycemic clamp were investigated in 342 healthy Minneapolis youth.

Diabetes mellitus and subsite-specific colorectal cancer risks in the Iowa Women's Health Study.

Objective: Controversy remains regarding the association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. To clarify and extend the existing data, we prospectively evaluated the association between self-reported type 2 DM (onset at >30 years of age) and incident CRC, overall and by anatomic subsite, among postmenopausal women in the Iowa Women's Health Study (n = 35,230).

Methods: After 14 years of follow-up, a total of 870 incident CRC cases were identified through annual linkage to the Iowa Cancer Registry.

Relation of leptin to insulin resistance syndrome in children.

Objectives: To examine the relation of leptin to insulin resistance, as measured by euglycemic insulin clamp, and insulin resistance syndrome factors in thin and heavy children.

Research Methods And Procedures: Anthropometrics, insulin, blood pressure, and leptin were measured in 342 11- to 14-year-old children (189 boys, 153 girls, 272 white, 70 black). Insulin sensitivity (M) was determined by milligrams glucose uptake per kilogram per minute and expressed as M/lean body mass (Mlbm).

Whole grain intake is associated with lower body mass and greater insulin sensitivity among adolescents.

The authors tested the hypothesis that consumption of whole grain is associated with greater insulin sensitivity and lower body mass index (BMI) (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) in adolescents and that this association is stronger among the heaviest adolescents. Two 127-item food frequency questionnaires were administered at the mean ages of 13 years (standard deviation 1.2) and 15 years (standard deviation 1.

Association between the insulin resistance of puberty and the insulin-like growth factor-I/growth hormone axis.

To test the hypothesis that the relative insulin resistance of puberty is associated with changes in IGF-I levels, we compared IGF-I, IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), and IGFBP-1 levels to insulin resistance [M(lbm), milligrams glucose used per kilogram of lean body mass (LBM) per minute] measured during euglycemic, hyperinsulinemic clamp studies in 342 children and adolescents. IGF-I levels rose and fell during the Tanner stages of puberty in a pattern that closely followed the rise and fall of insulin resistance. IGF-I levels were significantly related to M(lbm) in boys (P = 0.