Field-effect at electrical contacts to two-dimensional materials.

Unlabelled: The inferior electrical contact to two-dimensional (2D) materials is a critical challenge for their application in post-silicon very large-scale integrated circuits. Electrical contacts were generally related to their resistive effect, quantified as contact resistance. With a systematic investigation, this work demonstrates a capacitive metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) field-effect at the electrical contacts to 2D materials: The field-effect depletes or accumulates charge carriers, redistributes the voltage potential, and gives rise to abnormal current saturation and nonlinearity.

Ultrathin Three-Monolayer Tunneling Memory Selectors.

High-density memory arrays require selector devices, which enable selection of a specific memory cell within a memory array by suppressing leakage current through unselected cells. Such selector devices must have highly nonlinear current-voltage characteristics and excellent endurance; thus selectors based on a tunneling mechanism present advantages over those based on the physical motion of atoms or ions. Here, we use two-dimensional (2D) materials to build an ultrathin (three-monolayer-thick) tunneling-based memory selector.

Graphene and two-dimensional materials for silicon technology.

The development of silicon semiconductor technology has produced breakthroughs in electronics-from the microprocessor in the late 1960s to early 1970s, to automation, computers and smartphones-by downscaling the physical size of devices and wires to the nanometre regime. Now, graphene and related two-dimensional (2D) materials offer prospects of unprecedented advances in device performance at the atomic limit, and a synergistic combination of 2D materials with silicon chips promises a heterogeneous platform to deliver massively enhanced potential based on silicon technology. Integration is achieved via three-dimensional monolithic construction of multifunctional high-rise 2D silicon chips, enabling enhanced performance by exploiting the vertical direction and the functional diversification of the silicon platform for applications in opto-electronics and sensing.

Unipolar n-Type Black Phosphorus Transistors with Low Work Function Contacts.

Black phosphorus (BP) is a promising two-dimensional (2D) material for nanoscale transistors, due to its expected higher mobility than other 2D semiconductors. While most studies have reported ambipolar BP with a stronger p-type transport, it is important to fabricate both unipolar p- and n-type transistors for low-power digital circuits. Here, we report unipolar n-type BP transistors with low work function Sc and Er contacts, demonstrating a record high n-type current of 200 μA/μm in 6.

Vertical and Lateral Copper Transport through Graphene Layers.

A different mechanism was found for Cu transport through multi-transferred single-layer graphene serving as diffusion barriers on the basis of time-dependent dielectric breakdown tests. Vertical and lateral transport of Cu dominates at different stress electric field regimes. The classic E-model was modified to project quantitatively the effectiveness of the graphene Cu diffusion barrier at low electric field based on high-field accelerated stress data.

Application of open porous poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres and the strategy of hydrophobic seeding in hepatic tissue cultivation.

In this article, porous poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microsphere scaffolds with a size of ∼ 400 μm and pores of ∼ 20 μm were prepared for constructing injectable three-dimensional hepatocyte spheroids. The porous sites of PLGA microspheres provided a spatial space for hepatocyte distribution. Hepatocytes spheroids were cocultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cell, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell, or NIH/3T3 cells by combining the porous PLGA microspheres with the relatively hydrophobic culture strategy.

Pulmonary delivery of insulin by liposomal carriers.

Growing attention has been given to the potential of a pulmonary route as a non-invasive administration for systemic delivery of therapeutic agents (mainly peptides and proteins). The lungs provide a large absorptive surface area, extremely thin absorptive mucosal membrane, and good blood supply. The non-invasive nature of this pathway makes it especially valuable for the delivery of large molecular protein.

A comparison of regional and systemic humoral immune responses to a nematode infection.

The kinetics of humoral immune response against Trichinella spiralis (TS) was characterized with immunofluorescence assay. The mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and the spleen of infected rats were examined for concurrent expression of multiple antibody (Ab) isotypes from day 1 to day 15 after infection. The tissues were processed and stained with either a pan-B cell marker (OX33) conjugated with rhodamine (XRITC) or combinations of dual monoclonal Ab probes plus A secondary Ab conjugated with XRITC or fluorescein (FITC).

Rapidity and multiplicity of synthesis and expression of immunoglobulin isotypes by B lymphocytes in the small intestine.

An immunofluorescence double labeling assay was used to examine the kinetics of intestinal B lymphocytes with concurrent expression of multiple antibody isotypes in the mucosal tissues of rats infected with Trichinella spiralis (TS) muscle larvae for 1 to 15 days. As compared to the uninfected controls (day 0), the non-Peyer's patch tissues of the small intestine contained a significantly increased number of dual antibody-expressing B cells as early as 3 days after infection with a maximum proliferation of these B cells on days 7 and 10. These results indicate the rapidity of B cell response in the small intestine.

Encapsulating protein into preformed liposomes by ethanol-destabilized method.

This study describes a highly efficient method for encapsulating protein drugs into liposomes without using toxic solvents such as chloroform. Large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) were formed by the ethanol injection method. The effects of composition of phospholipid, buffer concentration, incubation time, incubation temperature, drug loading, ethanol content, and the presence of poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) lipids on the entrapment efficiency of protein were investigated.