The phosphorylation of the movement protein TGBp1 regulates the accumulation of the .

Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of viral movement proteins plays a crucial role in regulating virus movement. Our study focused on investigating the movement protein TGBp1 of (BaMV), which is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus. Specifically, we examined four potential phosphorylation sites (S15, S18, T58, and S247) within the TGBp1 protein.

Aptamer against Aflatoxin B1 Obtained by SELEX and Applied in Detection.

Aflatoxins, especially aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), are the most prevalent mycotoxins in nature. They contaminate various crops and cause global food and feed safety concerns. Therefore, a simple, rapid, sensitive, and specific AFB1 detection tool is urgently needed.

The gibberellic acid derived from the plastidial MEP pathway is involved in the accumulation of Bamboo mosaic virus.

A gene upregulated in Nicotiana benthamiana after Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) infection was revealed as 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (NbDXR). DXR is the key enzyme in the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway that catalyzes the conversion of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate to 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate. Knockdown and overexpression of NbDXR followed by BaMV inoculation revealed that NbDXR is involved in BaMV accumulation.

The function of chloroplast ferredoxin-NADP oxidoreductase positively regulates the accumulation of bamboo mosaic virus in Nicotiana benthamiana.

A gene down-regulated in Nicotiana benthamiana after bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) infection had high identity to the nuclear-encoded chloroplast ferredoxin NADP oxidoreductase gene (NbFNR). NbFNR is a flavoenzyme involved in the photosynthesis electron transport chain, catalysing the conversion of NADP into NADPH. To investigate whether NbFNR is involved in BaMV infection, we used virus-induced gene silencing to reduce the expression of NbFNR in leaves and protoplasts.

NbPsbO1 Interacts Specifically with the (BaMV) Subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) Promoter and Is Required for Efficient BaMV sgRNA Transcription.

Many positive-strand (+) RNA viruses produce subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs) in the infection cycle through the combined activities of viral replicase and host proteins. However, knowledge about host proteins involved in direct sgRNA promoter recognition is limited. Here, in the partially purified replicase complexes from (BaMV)-infected tissue, we have identified the Nicotiana benthamiana photosystem II oxygen-evolving complex protein, NbPsbO1, which specifically interacted with the promoter of sgRNA but not that of genomic RNA (gRNA).

K160 in the RNA-binding domain of the orf virus virulence factor OV20.0 is critical for its functions in counteracting host antiviral defense.

The OV20.0 virulence factor of orf virus antagonizes host antiviral responses. One mechanism through which it functions is by inhibiting activation of the dsRNA-activated protein kinase R (PKR) by sequestering dsRNA and by physically interacting with PKR.

The Lipid Transfer Protein 1 from Assists Accumulation.

Host factors play a pivotal role in regulating virus infection. Uncovering the mechanism of how host factors are involved in virus infection could pave the way to defeat viral disease. In this study, we characterized a lipid transfer protein, designated in which was downregulated after (BaMV) inoculation.

Dissecting the role of a plant-specific Rab5 small GTPase NbRabF1 in Bamboo mosaic virus infection.

NbRabF1, a small GTPase from Nicotiana benthamiana and a homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana Ara6, plays a key role in regulating Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) movement by vesicle transport between endosomal membranes. Reducing the expression of NbRabF1 in N. benthamiana by virus-induced gene silencing decreased the accumulation of BaMV, and with smaller infection foci on inoculated leaves, but had no effect in protoplasts.

Autophagy is involved in assisting the replication of Bamboo mosaic virus in Nicotiana benthamiana.

Autophagy plays a critical role in plants under biotic stress, including the response to pathogen infection. We investigated whether autophagy-related genes (ATGs) are involved in infection with Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV), a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus. Initially, we observed that BaMV infection in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves upregulated the expression of ATGs but did not trigger cell death.

Nicotiana benthamiana Argonaute10 plays a pro-viral role in Bamboo mosaic virus infection.

RNA silencing is a major defense mechanism against invading viruses in plants. Argonaute proteins (AGOs) are the key players in RNA silencing. The number of AGO family members involved varies depending on the plant species and they play distinct or sometimes redundant roles in antiviral defense.

An E3 ubiquitin ligase from Nicotiana benthamiana targets the replicase of Bamboo mosaic virus and restricts its replication.

One up-regulated host gene identified previously was found involved in the infection process of Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV), a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus. The full length cDNA of this gene was cloned by 5' and 3'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends and found to encode a polypeptide containing a conserved really interesting new gene (RING) domain and a transmembrane domain. The gene might function as an ubiquitin E3 ligase.

PePIF1, a P-lineage of PIF-like transposable element identified in protocorm-like bodies of Phalaenopsis orchids.

Background: Orchids produce a colorless protocorm by symbiosis with fungi upon seed germination. For mass production of orchids, the prevailing approaches are both generation of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) from callus and multiplication of adventitious buds on inflorescence. However, somaclonal variations occur during micropropagation.

The novel mitochondria localization of influenza A virus NS1 visualized by FlAsH labeling.

The nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of the influenza A virus (IAV) is a multifunctional protein that counteracts host cell antiviral responses and inhibits host cell pre-mRNA processing. NS1 contains two nuclear localization signals that facilitate NS1 shuttling between cytoplasm and nucleus. In this study, we initially observed the novel mitochondria localization of NS1 in a subset of transfected cells.

Nuclear-Encoded Plastidal Carbonic Anhydrase Is Involved in Replication of RNA in .

On inoculation of with (BaMV), a gene with downregulated expression was found involved in the infection cycle of BaMV. To uncover how this downregulated gene affects the accumulation of BaMV in plants, we used loss- and gain-of-function experiments. Knockdown of this gene decreased the accumulation of BaMV coat protein to approximately 60% in both plants and protoplasts of but had no effect on and infection.

Elicitor-Inducible Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor-Like Protein Assists Cell-to-Cell Movement.

For successful infection, a virus requires various host factors at different stages such as translation, targeting, replication, and spreading. One of the host genes upregulated after infection with (BaMV), a single-stranded positive-sense RNA potexvirus, assists in viral movement. To understand how this host protein is involved in BaMV movement, we cloned its full-length cDNA by rapid amplification of cDNA ends.

Plasma membrane-associated cation-binding protein 1-like protein negatively regulates intercellular movement of BaMV.

To establish a successful infection, a virus needs to replicate and move cell-to-cell efficiently. We investigated whether one of the genes upregulated in Nicotiana benthamiana after Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) inoculation was involved in regulating virus movement. We revealed the gene to be a plasma membrane-associated cation-binding protein 1-like protein, designated NbPCaP1L.

Chloroplast Hsp70 Isoform Is Required for Age-Dependent Tissue Preference of Bamboo mosaic virus in Mature Nicotiana benthamiana Leaves.

Plant viruses may exhibit age-dependent tissue preference in their hosts but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, we provide several lines of evidence to reveal the determining role of a protein of the Nicotiana benthamiana chloroplast Hsp70 (NbcpHsp70) family, NbcpHsp70-2, involved in the preference of Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) to infect older tissues. NbcpHsp70 family proteins were identified in complexes pulled down with BaMV replicase as the bait.

The Functional Roles of the -acting Elements in RNA Genome.

(BaMV), which belongs to the genus in the family , has a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome that is approximately 6400 nucleotides (nts) in length. Positive-sense RNA viruses can use genomic RNA as a template for translation and replication after entering a suitable host cell. Furthermore, such viral RNA is recognized by capsid protein for packaging and by viral movement protein(s) or the movement protein complex for cell-to-cell and systemic movement.

Host Factors in the Infection Cycle of .

To complete the infection cycle efficiently, the virus must hijack the host systems in order to benefit for all the steps and has to face all the defense mechanisms from the host. This review involves a discussion of how these positive and negative factors regulate the viral RNA accumulation identified for the (BaMV), a single-stranded RNA virus. The genome of BaMV is approximately 6.

A thioredoxin NbTRXh2 from Nicotiana benthamiana negatively regulates the movement of Bamboo mosaic virus.

An up-regulated gene derived from Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV)-infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants was cloned and characterized in this study. BaMV is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus. This gene product, designated as NbTRXh2, was matched with sequences of thioredoxin h proteins, a group of small proteins with a conserved active-site motif WCXPC conferring disulfide reductase activity.

Morphological Variability and Distinct Protein Profiles of Cultured and Endosymbiotic Symbiodinium cells Isolated from Exaiptasia pulchella.

Symbiodinium is a dinoflagellate that plays an important role in the physiology of the symbiotic relationships of Cnidarians such as corals and sea anemones. However, it is very difficult to cultivate free-living dinoflagellates after being isolated from the host, as they are very sensitive to environmental changes. How these symbiont cells are supported by the host tissue is still unclear.

NbRABG3f, a member of Rab GTPase, is involved in Bamboo mosaic virus infection in Nicotiana benthamiana.

The screening of differentially expressed genes in plants after pathogen infection can uncover the potential host factors required for the pathogens. In this study, an up-regulated gene was identified and cloned from Nicotiana benthamiana plants after Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) inoculation. The up-regulated gene was identified as a member of the Rab small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) family, and was designated as NbRABG3f according to its in silico translated product with high identity to that of RABG3f of tomato.