Automatic and human level Graf's type identification for detecting developmental dysplasia of the hip.

Background: Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a common congenital disorder that may lead to hip dislocation and requires surgical intervention if left untreated. Ultrasonography is the preferred method for DDH screening; however, the lack of experienced operators impedes its application in universal neonatal screening.

Methods: We developed a deep neural network tool to automatically register the five keypoints that mark important anatomical structures of the hip and provide a reference for measuring alpha and beta angles following Graf's guidelines, which is an ultrasound classification system for DDH in infants.