Exploring the Synergistic Effects of Erinacines on Microglial Regulation and Alzheimer's Pathology Under Metabolic Stress.

Background: Hericium erinaceus mycelium and its constituents, erinacines A and S, have shown neuroprotective effects in APP/PS1 transgenic mice; however, the precise mechanisms by which they modulate microglial phenotypes remain unclear. Our study is the first to explore the effect of erinacines on microglia morphology and the underlying mechanisms using a novel primary mixed glia cell model and advanced bioinformatic tools. Furthermore, we emphasize the clinical relevance by evaluating erinacines in a metabolically stressed APP/PS1 mouse model, which more accurately reflects the complexities of human Alzheimer's disease (AD), where metabolic syndrome is a common comorbidity.

A pilot pharmacokinetic and Metabolite identification study of Erinacine A in a Single landrace pig model.

Erinacine A has been proven to have the ability to protect nerves and have the benefit of neurohealth. However, the pharmacokinetic and metabolites study of erinacine A in pigs, whose physiology and anatomy are similar to humans, have not been reported. In this study, 5 mg/kg of erinacine A was intravenously administered to the landrace pig.

Whole-Genome Sequencing of Three Strains Reveals Potential Metabolites for Boosting Host Immunity Safely.

In response to the growing demand for immune-related products, this study evaluated the safety and immune-modulating potential of three newly discovered strains (GKM3, GKK1, and GKD7) through toxicity tests and whole-genome sequencing. Safety evaluations, including the analysis of antimicrobial resistance genes, virulence factors, plasmids, and prophages, classified these strains as safe for human consumption. Acute oral toxicity tests further supported their safety.

The joint protective function of live- and dead- GKD7 on anterior cruciate ligament transection induces osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic inflammatory disease accompanied by joint pain, bone degradation, and synovial inflammation. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β play key roles in chronic inflammation, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)3 is the first enzyme released by chondrocytes and synovial cells that promotes MMPs' degrading cartilage matrix (including collage II and aggrecan) function. Using an anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) rat model, GKD7 has shown anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.

The Role of in Reducing Obesity and Inflammation: A Meta-Analysis.

Recent research has underscored the efficacy of in managing obesity among healthy adults. This meta-analysis reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from major databases up to May 2024, focusing on the effects of on body weight, body mass index (BMI), and metabolic parameters. This study has been registered in PROSPERO (number: CRD 42024531611).

Hirsutella sinensis intensifies testicular function and spermatogenesis in male mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity.

Background: Hirsutella sinensis (HS) is a mycelium isolated from the fruiting body of the medicinal mushroom Cordyceps sinensis . This study explored whether HS treatment affects reproductive dysfunction in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced mouse model and regulates various mechanisms, focusing on oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and autophagy.

Methods: Twenty-four C57BL/6J (B6) mice were randomly divided into a standard chow diet (NCD)- or HFD-fed group for 24 weeks.

Live and Dead Clostridium butyricum GKB7 Diminish Osteoarthritis Pain and Progression in Preclinical Animal Model.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease primarily affecting the elderly. It is characterized by the progressive decline of joint cartilage and alterations in the underlying bone. Several probiotic strains have exhibited immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties.

Supplementation with GKEX Combined with Resistance Exercise Training Improves Muscle Mass, Strength Performance, and Body Fat Condition in Healthy Humans.

In addition to maintaining good exercise and dietary habits, recent studies have shown that probiotics may have potential benefits for muscle mass and strength. It is worth noting that the effects may vary depending on the specific strains used. To date, no studies have analyzed the effects of in this context.

The Cerebral Protective Effect of Novel Erinacines from Mycelium on In Vivo Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Animal Model and Primary Mixed Glial Cells via Nrf2-Dependent Pathways.

, a consumable mushroom, has shown a potential to enhance the production of neuroprotective bioactive metabolites. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often leads to cognitive, physical, and psychosocial impairments, resulting in neuroinflammation and the loss of cortical neurons. In this research, the effects of mycelium, its derivative erinacine C, along with the underlying mechanisms, were examined in terms of oxidative stress modulation and neurological improvement in a rat model of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI).

Discovery of a New Compound, Erinacerin W, from the Mycelia of , with Immunomodulatory and Neuroprotective Effects.

One new compound with an isoindolinone skeleton, along with erinacines A, C, and S, was isolated from the mycelia of , an edible fungus with a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine. Based on analysis of MS and NMR spectral data, the structure of the compound was identified as (2E,6E)-8-(2-(1-carboxy-3-methylbutyl)-4,6-dihydroxy-1-oxoisoindolin-5-yl)-2,6-dimethylocta-2,6-dienoic acid. In light of this discovery, we have given this compound the name erinacerin W.

Erinacine S, a small active component derived from Hericium erinaceus, protects oligodendrocytes and alleviates mood abnormalities in cuprizone-exposed rodents.

Hericium erinaceus mycelium extract (HEM), containing erinacine A (HeA) and erinacine S (HeS), has shown promise in promoting the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) into mature oligodendrocytes (OLs), crucial for myelin production in the central nervous system (CNS). The main aim of this study was to characterize the protective effects of HEM and its components on OLs and myelin in demyelinating rodents by exposure to cuprizone (CPZ), a copper chelating agent commonly used to induce demyelination in the corpus callosum of the brain. Rats were fed by CPZ-containing diet and simultaneously orally administered HEM, HeA, or HeS on a daily basis for three weeks.

Phellinus linteus mycelia extract in COVID-19 prevention and identification of its key metabolic compounds profiling using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS spectrometry.

For centuries, food, herbal medicines, and natural products have been valuable resources for discovering novel antiviral drugs, uncovering new structure-activity relationships, and developing effective strategies to prevent/treat viral infections. One such resource is Phellinus linteus, a mushroom used in folk medicine in Taiwan, Japan, Korea, and China. In this rich historical context, the key metabolites of Phellinus linteus mycelia ethanolic extract (GKPL) impacting the entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at multiple stages have yet to be explored.

Hispidin-enriched Sanghuangporus sanghuang mycelia SS-MN4 ameliorate disuse atrophy while improving muscle endurance.

Background: Disuse atrophy is a frequent cause of muscle atrophy, which can occur in individuals of any age who have been inactive for a prolonged period or immobilization. Additionally, acute diseases such as COVID-19 can cause frequent sequelae and exacerbate muscle wasting, leading to additional fatigue symptoms. It is necessary to investigate potent functional nutrients for muscle reinforcement in both disuse atrophy and fatigue to ensure better physical performance.

Preventative Effects of Mycelial Extracts on the Early-Stage Development of Cataracts in UVB-Induced Mice Cataract Model.

Cataracts, a prevalent age-related eye condition, pose a significant global health concern, with rising rates due to an aging population and increased digital device usage. In Taiwan, cataract prevalence is particularly high, reaching up to 90% among individuals aged 70 and above. The lens of the eye absorbs short-wave light, which can lead to oxidative stress in lens epithelial cells and contribute to cataract formation.

Erinacine S from Hericium erinaceus mycelium promotes neuronal regeneration by inducing neurosteroids accumulation.

Erinacines derived from Hericium erinaceus have been shown to possess various health benefits including neuroprotective effect against neurodegenerative diseases, yet the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here we found that erinacine S enhances neurite outgrowth in a cell autonomous fashion. It promotes post-injury axon regeneration of PNS neurons and enhances regeneration on inhibitory substrates of CNS neurons.

Antrodin C Isolated from Antrodia Cinnamomea Induced Apoptosis through ROS/AKT/ERK/P38 Signaling Pathway and Epigenetic Histone Acetylation of TNFα in Colorectal Cancer Cells.

Background: Antrodin C, a maleimide derivative compound isolated from the ethanol extract of the mycelium of , is an endemic fungus of Taiwan and a potential chemoprotective agent. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the mode of action of antrodin C on cancer cells, especially in human colorectal cancer (CRC), remain unclear.

Methods: The cell death and ROS of the antrodin-C-treated HCT-116 cells were measured by annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining, DCFDA, and Fluo-3 fluorescence staining assays.

Inhibitory Effect of Styrylpyrone Extract of on Hepatic Steatosis in HepG2 Cells.

The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is estimated to be approximately about 25.24% of the population worldwide. NAFLD is a complex syndrome and is characterized by a simple benign hepatocyte steatosis to more severe steatohepatitis in the liver pathology.

Fermented Supernatants of GKM3 and GKK2 Protect against Protein Glycation and Inhibit Glycated Protein Ligation.

With age, protein glycation in organisms increases continuously. Evidence from many studies shows that the accumulation of glycated protein is highly correlated with biological aging and the development of aging-related diseases, so developing a dietary agent to attenuate protein glycation is very meaningful. Previous studies have indicated that lactic acid bacteria-fermented products have diverse biological activities especially in anti-aging, so this study was aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of the fermented supernatants of GKM3 (GKM3) and GKK2 (GKK2) on protein glycation.

Neuroprotective Effects of Erinacine A on an Experimental Model of Traumatic Optic Neuropathy.

Erinacine A (EA), a natural neuroprotectant, is isolated from a Chinese herbal medicine, Hericium erinaceus. The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of EA in a rat model of traumatic optic neuropathy. The optic nerves (ONs) of adult male Wistar rats were crushed using a standardized method and divided into three experimental groups: phosphate-buffered saline (PBS control)-treated group, standard EA dose-treated group (2.

Amelioration of Cyclosporine A-Induced Acute Nephrotoxicity by Mycelia via Mg Reabsorption and the Inhibition of GRP78-IRE1-CHOP Pathway: In Vivo and In Vitro.

Fruiting bodies of (CC) have been reported to have a therapeutic effect in chronic kidney disease. Due to the rare and expensive resources from natural habitats, artificially cultivated mycelia using submerged liquid cultivation of CC (CCM) have been recently developed as an alternative to scarce sources of CC. However, little is known regarding potential protective effects of CCM against cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced acute nephrotoxicity in vivo and in vitro.