IFNγ drives neuroinflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of multiple system atrophy.

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare and fatal synucleinopathy characterized by insoluble alpha-synuclein (α-syn) cytoplasmic inclusions located within oligodendroglia. Neuroinflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration are correlated with areas of glia cytoplasmic inclusions (GCI) pathology, however it is not known what specifically drives disease pathogenesis. Recent studies have shown that disease pathologies found in post-mortem tissue from MSA patients can be modeled in rodents via a modified AAV overexpressing α-syn, Olig001-SYN, which has a 95% tropism for oligodendrocytes.

A rationale for promoting cognitive science in teacher education: Deconstructing prevailing learning myths and advancing research-based practices.

Purpose: Cognitive science is essential to designing, implementing, and evaluating instruction for enhancing student learning. However, there may not be sufficient focus on the principles of cognitive science, as some educators hold learning beliefs that may be considered cognitive myths.

Procedures: This review article analyzes examples of five learning myths (learning styles, pure discovery learning, digital natives, extrinsic motivation, multitasking) and five research-based learning strategies (dual coding, direct instruction, summarization, retrieval practice, spacing).

Metagenetic Analysis of the Pregnant Microbiome in Horses.

Placentitis is the leading cause of infectious abortion in the horse. Additionally, it can result in weak and/or growth restricted offspring. While the etiology of ascending placentitis is well described in mares, less is known regarding the pathogenesis of other types, such as nocardioform placentitis.

Border-associated macrophages mediate the neuroinflammatory response in an alpha-synuclein model of Parkinson disease.

Dopaminergic cell loss due to the accumulation of α-syn is a core feature of the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease. Neuroinflammation specifically induced by α-synuclein has been shown to exacerbate neurodegeneration, yet the role of central nervous system (CNS) resident macrophages in this process remains unclear. We found that a specific subset of CNS resident macrophages, border-associated macrophages (BAMs), play an essential role in mediating α-synuclein related neuroinflammation due to their unique role as the antigen presenting cells necessary to initiate a CD4 T cell response whereas the loss of MHCII antigen presentation on microglia had no effect on neuroinflammation.

Effects of fenbendazole on fecal microbiome in BPH/5 mice, a model of hypertension and obesity, a brief report.

Fenbendazole (FBZ) is a common antiparasitic treatment used in research rodent colonies for biosecurity purposes. The effect of this compound has been studied in C57 mice, but never before in a strain of mice that has co-morbidities, such as the blood pressure high (BPH)/5. The BPH/5 mouse is an inbred genetic model of hypertension.

Disease mechanisms as subtypes: Inflammation in Parkinson disease and related disorders.

Neuroinflammation is a core feature of Parkinson disease (PD) and related disorders. Inflammation is detectable early in PD and persists throughout the disease state. Both the innate and the adaptive arms of the immune system are engaged in both human PD as well as in animal models of the disease.

Children and Parents' Perceptions of Access to Science Tools at Home and Their Role in Science Self-efficacy.

Families play a vital role in the development of the science interests and career aspirations of youth. Of particular interest is how a family's science capital and science habitus impact how children see themselves in relation to science. One aspect of science capital that has emerged as foundational in children's levels of science self-efficacy and academic self-concept is their access to science related tools outside of school.

Sex-specific effects of maternal weight loss on offspring cardiometabolic outcomes in the obese preeclamptic-like mouse model, BPH/5.

AbstractPreeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder that impacts 2-8% of pregnant women worldwide. It is characterized by new onset hypertension during the second half of gestation and is a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity/mortality. Maternal obesity increases the risk of PE and is a key predictor of childhood obesity and potentially offspring cardiometabolic complications in a sex-dependent manner.

Shifts in learning assistants' self-determination due to COVID-19 disruptions in Calculus II course delivery.

Background: The Learning Assistant (LA) model with its subsequent support and training has evidenced significant gains for undergraduate STEM learning and persistence, especially in high-stakes courses like Calculus. Yet, when a swift and unexpected transition occurs from face-to-face to online, remote learning of the LA environment, it is unknown how LAs are able to maintain their motivation (competence, autonomy, and relatedness), adapt to these new challenges, and sustain their student-centered efforts. This study used Self-Determination Theory (SDT) to model theoretical aspects of LAs' motivations (persistence and performance) both before and after changes were made in delivery of a Calculus II course at Texas Tech University due to COVID-19 interruptions.

Assessing the Association of Mitochondrial Function and Inflammasome Activation in Murine Macrophages Exposed to Select Mitotoxic Tri-Organotin Compounds.

Background: Mitochondrial function is implicated as a target of environmental toxicants and found in disease or injury models, contributing to acute and chronic inflammation. One mechanism by which mitochondrial damage can propagate inflammation is via activation of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family, pyrin domain-containing receptor (NLRP)3 inflammasome, a protein complex that processes mature interleukin . plays an important role in the innate immune response and dysregulation is associated with autoinflammatory disorders.

An association between mitochondria and microglia effector function. What do we think we know?

While resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system, the microglia, represent a cell population unique in origin, microenvironment, and longevity, they assume many properties displayed by peripheral macrophages. One prominent shared property is the ability to undergo a metabolic switch towards glycolysis and away from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) upon activation by the pro-inflammatory stimuli lipopolysaccharide. This shift serves to meet specific cellular demands and allows for cell survival, similar to the Warburg effect demonstrated in cancer cells.

Mitochondrial-related effects of pentabromophenol, tetrabromobisphenol A, and triphenyl phosphate on murine BV-2 microglia cells.

The predominant reliance on bromated flame retardants (BFRs) is diminishing with expanded use of alternative organophosphate flame retardants. However, exposure related issues for susceptible populations, the developing, infirmed, or aged, remain given environmental persistence and home-environment detection. In this regard, reports of flame retardant (FR)-related effects on the innate immune system suggest process by which a spectrum of adverse health effects could manifest across the life-span.

CHIP Regulates Aquaporin-2 Quality Control and Body Water Homeostasis.

The importance of the kidney distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and cortical collecting duct (CCD) is highlighted by various water and electrolyte disorders that arise when the unique transport properties of these segments are disturbed. Despite this critical role, little is known about which proteins have a regulatory role in these cells and how these cells can be regulated by individual physiologic stimuli. By combining proteomics, bioinformatics, and cell biology approaches, we found that the E3 ubiquitin ligase CHIP is highly expressed throughout the collecting duct; is modulated in abundance by vasopressin; interacts with aquaporin-2 (AQP2), Hsp70, and Hsc70; and can directly ubiquitylate the water channel AQP2 shRNA knockdown of CHIP in CCD cells increased AQP2 protein and reduced AQP2 ubiquitylation, resulting in greater levels of AQP2 and phosphorylated AQP2.

Rapid regrowth and detection of microbial contaminants in equine fecal microbiome samples.

Advances have been made to standardize 16S rRNA gene amplicon based studies for inter-study comparisons, yet there are many opportunities for systematic error that may render these comparisons improper and misleading. The fecal microbiome of horses has been examined previously, however, no universal horse fecal collection method and sample processing procedure has been established. This study was initialized in large part to ensure that samples collected by different individuals from different geographical areas (i.

Estimating changes in river faecal coliform loading using nonparametric multiplicative regression.

Faecal coliform (FC) concentration was monitored weekly in the Tangipahoa River over an eight year period. Available USGS discharge and precipitation data were used to construct a nonparametric multiplicative regression (NPMR) model for both forecasting and backcasting of FC density. NPMR backcasting and forecasting of FC allowed for estimation of concentration for any flow regime.

Fecal bacteroidales diversity and decay in response to variations in temperature and salinity.

Bacteroidales are attractive as water quality indicators because of their potential to discern sources of fecal pollution, and it is presumed that these bacteria do not multiply outside their host organisms. The persistence of a fecal Bacteroidales marker was monitored over 14 days in river water microcosms that varied in temperature from 10°C to 30°C and salinity from 0‰ to 30‰ by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Decay rates were estimated and compared to the results of other studies examining the survival and persistence of Bacteroidales markers by converting decay rates from other studies to a common decay rate unit.

Effect of insertional mutations in the pueA and pueB genes encoding two polyurethanases in Pseudomonas chlororaphis contained within a gene cluster.

Aims: To better understand the role of PueA and PueB from Pseudomonas chlororaphis in polyurethane degradation, the present study was conducted to create insertional mutants in their respective genes.

Methods And Results: Growth kinetic studies showed that the pueA knockout mutant had a greater effect than the pueB knockout mutant. The pueA mutant had an 80% decrease in cell density from that of the wild type, while the pueB mutant had an 18% decrease in cell density.

A multicenter study evaluating the sensitization potential of enamel matrix derivative after treatment of two infrabony defects.

Background: Several studies reported some success toward regeneration in infrabony defects using enamel matrix derivative (EMD). Clinically and statistically significant improvements in probing depth reduction, clinical attachment levels, and bone fill have been demonstrated. This multi-center study evaluated the potential for sensitization to EMD in a subgroup of periodontal patients treated at least twice with at least 2 months between treatments.

Phytoremediation of small-scale oil spills in fresh marsh environments: a mesocosm simulation.

Research was conducted to assess the impact of oiling on fresh-marsh plant communities and to test the efficacy of techniques that may be used to enhance the bioremediation of crude oil spills in these environments while minimizing secondary anthropogenic impacts. To emulate field conditions, a mesocosm facility was used that houses 120 mesocosm vessels, each of 200-1 capacity. A five-way factorial treatment arrangement was used that included two substrates (inorganic, organic), two nutrient regimes (fertilized, not fertilized), two aeration levels (substrate aeration, no aeration), three oiling concentrations (0-, 5-, 10-1 m(-2) of South Louisiana Sweet Crude oil), and four vascular plant species (Alternanthera philoxeroides, Panicum hemitomon, Phragmites australis, Sagittaria lancifolia, and an unplanted control).

Diauxic Growth of Azotobacter vinelandii on Galactose and Glucose: Regulation of Glucose Transport by Another Hexose.

The growth curve of Azotobacter vinelandii was biphasic when the organism was grown in a medium containing a mixture of galactose and glucose. Galactose was the primary carbon source; glucose was also consumed, but the rate at which it was consumed was lower than the rate at which galactose was consumed during the first phase of growth. Metabolic pathways for both sugars were induced.

Comparison of the presence-absence and membrane filter techniques for coliform detection in small, nonchlorinated water distribution systems.

The traditional membrane filter (American Public Health Association, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 16th ed., American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.