Gender differences in psychological well-being: tests of factorial invariance.

Purpose: This research investigated gender differences in the six factors of Li's 18-item version of Ryff's psychological well-being (PWB) scale by using factorial invariance procedures. This version improved on Ryff's shorter PWB scale in regard to the reliability of each subscale.

Methods: The sample comprised 653 adult participants, specifically, 271 men and 382 women.

How are depression and autobiographical memory retrieval related to culture?

This study investigated how culture influences the association between autobiographical memory retrieval and depression. Thirty clinically depressed patients and 30 controls, 15 each from Britain and Taiwan, completed the English and Chinese versions of the Autobiographical Memory Cueing Task (AMT). Overall, the depressed individuals from both cultural groups retrieved significantly fewer specific and more categoric autobiographical memories than their matched, nondepressed controls.

The effects of rumination and distraction on over-general autobiographical memory retrieval during social problem solving.

Objectives: We examined the effects of rumination and distraction on over-general autobiographical memory (AM) retrieval during social problem solving (SPS), as well as SPS performance in terms of means and effectiveness.

Design And Methods: After undergoing a rumination or distraction manipulation, dysphoric and non-dysphoric participants performed a SPS task and reported the memories retrieved during SPS.

Results: The dysphoric ruminators performed significantly less effectively on the SPS task than the other groups.