The delivery and antinociceptive effects of morphine and its ester prodrugs from lipid emulsions.

Long-acting analgesia is critical for patients suffering from long-acting pain. The purpose of this study was to develop lipid emulsions as parenteral drug delivery systems for morphine and its ester prodrugs. Morphine prodrugs with various alkyl chain lengths, including morphine propionate (MPR), morphine enanthate (MEN), and morphine decanoate (MDE), were synthesized.

Ester prodrugs of morphine improve transdermal drug delivery: a mechanistic study.

Two alkyl esters of morphine, morphine propionate (MPR) and morphine enanthate (MEN), were synthesized as potential prodrugs for transdermal delivery. The ester prodrugs could enhance transdermal morphine delivery. The mechanisms of this enhancing effect were elucidated in this study.

Submicron lipid emulsion as a drug delivery system for nalbuphine and its prodrugs.

This study investigates the submicron lipid emulsion as a potential parenteral drug delivery system for nalbuphine and its ester prodrugs. Submicron emulsions were prepared using egg phospholipid as the main emulsifier, various co-emulsifiers were also incorporated, including Brij 30, Brij 98, and stearylamine. Squalene as the oil phase formed stable emulsions with small particles.