Comparison of oxidation in uni-directionally and randomly oriented Cu films for low temperature Cu-to-Cu direct bonding.

Cu-to-Cu direct bonding has attracted attention because it has been implemented in CMOS image sensors. Prior to the bonding, the oxides on the Cu surface needs to be removed, yet the surface may oxidize right after cleaning. Thus, oxidation is an inherent issue in the application of Cu direct bonding.

Out of sight, out of mind? The inclusion and identification of people with intellectual disability in public health research.

Aims: Adults with intellectual disability experience substantial health inequities. Public health research aiming to improve the lives of this population group is needed. We sought to investigate the extent to which a sample of international public health research includes and identifies people with intellectual disability.