Solvent-free electromembrane extraction: A new concept in electro-driven extraction.

A solvent-free electromembrane extraction (SF-EME) device was developed. A thin polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane placed at the end of an L-shaped glass tube acted as an analyte collector and was inserted into the sample solution. Under an applied voltage of 110 V, cationic peptides in the sample solution moved toward the negative electrode inside the L-shaped glass tube and were trapped by the membrane at the end of the tube.