Complete Genome Sequence of the Soil-Isolated sp. Strain AK 1817, Capable of Biotransforming the Ergostane Triterpenoid Antcin K.

The soil bacterium sp. strain AK 1817 was isolated from a tropical soil sample collected in Taiwan. Strain AK 1817 biotransforms the ergostane triterpenoid antcin K from the fungus Antrodia cinnamomea.

Production of a new triterpenoid disaccharide saponin from sequential glycosylation of ganoderic acid A by 2 Bacillus glycosyltransferases.

Ganoderic acid A (GAA) is a lanostane-type triterpenoid, isolated from medicinal fungus Ganoderma lucidum, and possesses multiple bioactivities. In the present study, GAA was sequentially biotransformed by 2 recently discovered Bacillus glycosyltransferases (GT), BtGT_16345 and BsGT110, and the final product was purified and identified as a new compound, GAA-15,26-O-β-diglucoside, which showed 1024-fold aqueous solubility than GAA.

Biotransformation of celastrol to a novel, well-soluble, low-toxic and anti-oxidative celastrol-29-O-β-glucoside by Bacillus glycosyltransferases.

Celastrol is a quinone-methide triterpenoid isolated from the root extracts of Tripterygium wilfordii (Thunder god vine). Although celastrol possesses multiple bioactivities, the potent toxicity and rare solubility in water hinder its clinical application. Biotransformation of celastrol using either whole cells or purified enzymes to form less toxic and more soluble derivatives has been proven difficult due to its potent antibiotic and enzyme-conjugation property.

A Genome-Centric Approach Reveals a Novel Glycosyltransferase from the GA A07 Strain of Responsible for Catalyzing 15--Glycosylation of Ganoderic Acid A.

Strain GA A07 was identified as an intestinal bacterium of zebrafish, which has high efficiency to biotransform the triterpenoid, ganoderic acid A (GAA), into GAA-15--β-glucoside. To date, only two known enzymes (BsUGT398 and BsUGT489) of ATCC 6633 strain can biotransform GAA. It is thus worthwhile to identify the responsible genes of strain GA A07 by whole genome sequencing.

A New Triterpenoid Glucoside from a Novel Acidic Glycosylation of Ganoderic Acid A via Recombinant Glycosyltransferase of .

Ganoderic acid A (GAA) is a bioactive triterpenoid isolated from the medicinal fungus . Our previous study showed that the ATCC (American type culture collection) 6633 strain could biotransform GAA into compound (), GAA-15--β-glucoside, and compound (). Even though we identified two glycosyltransferases (GT) to catalyze the synthesis of GAA-15--β-glucoside, the chemical structure of compound () and its corresponding enzyme remain elusive.

Potential Industrial Production of a Well-Soluble, Alkaline-Stable, and Anti-Inflammatory Isoflavone Glucoside from 8-Hydroxydaidzein Glucosylated by Recombinant Amylosucrase of .

8-Hydroxydaidzein (8-OHDe), an -hydroxylation derivative of soy isoflavone daidzein isolated from some fermented soybean foods, has been demonstrated to possess potent anti-inflammatory activity. However, the isoflavone aglycone is poorly soluble and unstable in alkaline solutions. To improve the aqueous solubility and stability of the functional isoflavone, 8-OHDe was glucosylated with recombinant amylosucrase of (DgAS) with industrial sucrose, instead of expensive uridine diphosphate-glucose (UDP-glucose).

Uridine Diphosphate-Dependent Glycosyltransferases from ATCC 6633 Catalyze the 15--Glycosylation of Ganoderic Acid A.

ATCC (American type culture collection) 6633 was found to biotransform ganoderic acid A (GAA), which is a major lanostane triterpenoid from the medicinal fungus . Five glycosyltransferase family 1 (GT1) genes of this bacterium, including two uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferase (UGT) genes, and , were cloned and overexpressed in . Ultra-performance liquid chromatography confirmed the two purified UGT proteins biotransform ganoderic acid A into a metabolite, while the other three purified GT1 proteins cannot biotransform GAA.

New Triterpenoid from Novel Triterpenoid 15--Glycosylation on Ganoderic Acid A by Intestinal Bacteria of Zebrafish.

Functional bacteria that could biotransform triterpenoids may exist in the diverse microflora of fish intestines. Ganoderic acid A (GAA) is a major triterpenoid from the medicinal fungus . In studying the microbial biotransformation of GAA, dozens of intestinal bacteria were isolated from the excreta of zebrafish.

Production and Anti-Melanoma Activity of Methoxyisoflavones from the Biotransformation of Genistein by Two Recombinant Escherichia coli Strains.

Biotransformation of the soy isoflavone genistein by sequential 3'-hydroxylation using recombinant expressing tyrosinase from and then methylation using another recombinant expressing -methyltransferase from was conducted. The results showed that two metabolites were produced from the biotransformation, identified as 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3'-methoxyisoflavone and 5,7,3'-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone, respectively, based on their mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data. 5,7,4'-Trihydroxy-3'-methoxyisoflavone showed potent antiproliferative activity toward mouse B16 melanoma cells with an IC value of 68.

Improving Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Soy Isoflavone Glycosides Daidzin and Genistin by 3'-Hydroxylation Using Recombinant Escherichia coli.

The present study describes the biotransformation of a commercially available crude extract of soy isoflavones, which contained significant amounts of the soy isoflavone glycosides daidzin and genistin, by recombinant expressing tyrosinase from . Two major products were isolated from the biotransformation and identified as 3'-hydroxydaidzin and 3'-hydroxygenistin, respectively, based on their mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data. The two 3'-hydroxyisoflavone glycosides showed potent 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity with IC values of 7.

Production of Two Novel Methoxy-Isoflavones from Biotransformation of 8-Hydroxydaidzein by Recombinant Escherichia coli Expressing O-Methyltransferase SpOMT2884 from Streptomyces peucetius.

Biotransformation of 8-hydroxydaidzein by recombinant Escherichia coli expressing O-methyltransferase (OMT) SpOMT2884 from Streptomyces peucetius was investigated. Two metabolites were isolated and identified as 7,4'-dihydroxy-8-methoxy-isoflavone (1) and 8,4'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-isoflavone (2), based on mass, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 13C-NMR spectrophotometric analysis. The maximum production yields of compound (1) and (2) in a 5-L fermenter were 9.

Inhibitory effect of a water extract from Pemphis acidula on melanogenesis in mouse B16 melanoma cells.

The inhibitory effect of a water extract from Pemphis acidula on melanogenesis in mouse B16 melanoma cells was investigated. The results showed that the P. acidula extract (PAE) inhibited melanogenesis in 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthin (IBMX)-stimulated B16 cells in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 33.

Crystal structures of Aspergillus japonicus fructosyltransferase complex with donor/acceptor substrates reveal complete subsites in the active site for catalysis.

Fructosyltransferases catalyze the transfer of a fructose unit from one sucrose/fructan to another and are engaged in the production of fructooligosaccharide/fructan. The enzymes belong to the glycoside hydrolase family 32 (GH32) with a retaining catalytic mechanism. Here we describe the crystal structures of recombinant fructosyltransferase (AjFT) from Aspergillus japonicus CB05 and its mutant D191A complexes with various donor/acceptor substrates, including sucrose, 1-kestose, nystose, and raffinose.