Improved Mass Spectrometry-Based Methods Reveal Abundant Propionylation and Tissue-Specific Histone Propionylation Profiles.

Histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs) have crucial roles in a multitude of cellular processes, and their aberrant levels have been linked with numerous diseases, including cancer. Although histone PTM investigations have focused so far on methylations and acetylations, alternative long-chain acylations emerged as new dimension, as they are linked to cellular metabolic states and affect gene expression through mechanisms distinct from those regulated by acetylation. Mass spectrometry is the most powerful, comprehensive, and unbiased method to study histone PTMs.

Long-term Multimodal Recording Reveals Epigenetic Adaptation Routes in Dormant Breast Cancer Cells.

Unlabelled: Patients with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer receive adjuvant endocrine therapies (ET) that delay relapse by targeting clinically undetectable micrometastatic deposits. Yet, up to 50% of patients relapse even decades after surgery through unknown mechanisms likely involving dormancy. To investigate genetic and transcriptional changes underlying tumor awakening, we analyzed late relapse patients and longitudinally profiled a rare cohort treated with long-term neoadjuvant ETs until progression.

Hyperacetylated histone H4 is a source of carbon contributing to lipid synthesis.

Histone modifications commonly integrate environmental cues with cellular metabolic outputs by affecting gene expression. However, chromatin modifications such as acetylation do not always correlate with transcription, pointing towards an alternative role of histone modifications in cellular metabolism. Using an approach that integrates mass spectrometry-based histone modification mapping and metabolomics with stable isotope tracers, we demonstrate that elevated lipids in acetyltransferase-depleted hepatocytes result from carbon atoms derived from deacetylation of hyperacetylated histone H4 flowing towards fatty acids.

Acetyl-CoA production by Mediator-bound 2-ketoacid dehydrogenases boosts de novo histone acetylation and is regulated by nitric oxide.

Histone-modifying enzymes depend on the availability of cofactors, with acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) being required for histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity. The discovery that mitochondrial acyl-CoA-producing enzymes translocate to the nucleus suggests that high concentrations of locally synthesized metabolites may impact acylation of histones and other nuclear substrates, thereby controlling gene expression. Here, we show that 2-ketoacid dehydrogenases are stably associated with the Mediator complex, thus providing a local supply of acetyl-CoA and increasing the generation of hyper-acetylated histone tails.