Examining 21st century skills in BYOD schools: From programs to practice.

Bring-your-own-device (BYOD) is a common strategy to increase technology integration in schools and give learners more responsibility in using digital devices for educational purposes. In particular, learners are expected to develop domain-general 21st-century skills when using their personal devices. Although there is no consensus regarding a comprehensive framework of 21st-century skills, most conceptual models incorporate aspects such as collaboration, communication, creativity, and critical thinking-so-called 4C competences-as well as self-direction and the use of digital technologies for learning, among other aspects.