Induction of epidermal proliferation and expressions of PKC and NF-kappaB by betel quid extracts in mouse: the role of lime-piper additives in betel quid.

Components of betel quid (BQ) have been investigated for genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and animal toxicity. However, little information exists regarding their carcinogenic characteristics. Considerable attention has already been focused on tumor promoters that occur environmentally for human uptake.