Are AI chatbots concordant with evidence-based cancer screening recommendations?

Objective: This study aimed to assess whether information from AI chatbots on benefits and harms of breast and prostate cancer screening were concordant with evidence-based cancer screening recommendations.

Methods: Seven unique prompts (four breast cancer; three prostate cancer) were presented to ChatGPT in March 2024. A total of 60 criteria (30 breast; 30 prostate) were used to assess the concordance of information.

Discovery of plasma biomarkers related to blood-brain barrier dysregulation in Alzheimer's disease.

Introduction: Blood-based biomarkers are quantitative, non-invasive diagnostic tools. This study aimed to identify candidate biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) using publicly available omics datasets, using the hypothesis that with blood-brain barrier dysfunction in AD, brain-synthesized proteins can leak into plasma for detection.

Methods: Differential abundance results of plasma and brain proteomic datasets were integrated to obtain a list of potential biomarkers.

Global review of COVID-19 mitigation strategies and their impact on cancer service disruptions.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, countries adopted mitigation strategies to reduce disruptions to cancer services. We reviewed their implementation across health system functions and their impact on cancer diagnosis and care during the pandemic. A systematic search was performed using terms related to cancer and COVID-19.

The role of cell-matrix adhesion and cell migration in breast tumor growth and progression.

During breast cancer progression, there is typically increased collagen deposition resulting in elevated extracellular matrix rigidity. This results in changes to cell-matrix adhesion and cell migration, impacting processes such as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis. We aim to investigate the roles of cell-matrix adhesion and cell migration on breast tumor growth and progression by studying the impacts of different types of extracellular matrices and their rigidities.

Descriptive analysis of prostate cancer pathology data from diagnosis and surgery in men from the 45 and Up Study.

Information available from the New South Wales Cancer Registry (NSWCR) about the aggressiveness of prostate cancer is limited to the summary stage variable 'degree of spread', which contains a high proportion of cases defined as 'unknown'. In this study we demonstrate the feasibility of obtaining and analysing prostate cancer pathology data from stored pathology records. Pathology data were extracted from stored pathology records of incident prostate cancer cases in men participating in the 45 and Up Study, a large Australian prospective cohort study, who were diagnosed between January 2006 and December 2013.

Benefits and harms of prostate specific antigen testing according to Australian guidelines.

Guidelines for prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing in Australia recommend that men at average risk of prostate cancer who have been informed of the benefits and harms, and who decide to undergo regular testing, should be offered testing every 2 years from 50 to 69 years. This study aimed to estimate the benefits and harms of regular testing in this context. We constructed Policy1-Prostate, a discrete event microsimulation platform of the natural history of prostate cancer and prostate cancer survival, and PSA testing patterns and subsequent management in Australia.

Subcellular Force Imbalance in Actin Bundles Induces Nuclear Repositioning and Durotaxis.

Durotaxis is a phenomenon in which cells migrate toward substrates of increasing stiffness. However, how cells assimilate substrate stiffness as a directional cue remains poorly understood. In this study, we experimentally show that mouse embryonic fibroblasts can discriminate between different substrate stiffnesses and develop higher traction forces at regions of the cell adhering to the stiffer pillars.

ContrastivePose: A contrastive learning approach for self-supervised feature engineering for pose estimation and behavorial classification of interacting animals.

In recent years, supervised machine learning models trained on videos of animals with pose estimation data and behavior labels have been used for automated behavior classification. Applications include, for example, automated detection of neurological diseases in animal models. However, we identify two potential problems of such supervised learning approach.

Fungus-derived protein particles as cell-adhesive matrices for cell-cultivated food.

Cell-adhesive factors mediate adhesion of cells to substrates via peptide motifs such as the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence. With the onset of sustainability issues, there is a pressing need to find alternatives to animal-derived cell-adhesive factors, especially for cell-cultivated food applications. In this paper, we show how data mining can be a powerful approach toward identifying fungal-derived cell-adhesive proteins and present a method to isolate and utilize these proteins as extracellular matrices (ECM) to support cell adhesion and culture in 3D.

A review of algorithmic approaches for cell culture media optimization.

Cell culture media composition and culture conditions play a crucial role in product yield, quality and cost of production. Culture media optimization is the technique of improving media composition and culture conditions to achieve desired product outcomes. To achieve this, there have been many algorithmic methods proposed and used for culture media optimization in the literature.

Retinoic acid receptor β modulates mechanosensing and invasion in pancreatic cancer cells via myosin light chain 2.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common and lethal form of pancreatic cancer, characterised by stromal remodelling, elevated matrix stiffness and high metastatic rate. Retinoids, compounds derived from vitamin A, have a history of clinical use in cancer for their anti-proliferative and differentiation effects, and more recently have been explored as anti-stromal therapies in PDAC for their ability to induce mechanical quiescence in cancer associated fibroblasts. Here, we demonstrate that retinoic acid receptor β (RAR-β) transcriptionally represses myosin light chain 2 (MLC-2) expression in pancreatic cancer cells.

Brain PET and Cerebrovascular Disease.

Cerebrovascular disease encompasses a broad spectrum of diseases such as stroke, hemorrhage, and cognitive decline associated with vascular narrowing, obstruction, rupture, and inflammation, among other issues. Recent advances in hardware and software have led to improvements in brain PET. Although still in its infancy, machine learning using convolutional neural networks is gaining traction in this area, often with a focus on providing high-quality images with reduced noise using a shorter acquisition time or less radiation exposure for the patient.

Zyxin regulates embryonic stem cell fate by modulating mechanical and biochemical signaling interface.

Biochemical signaling and mechano-transduction are both critical in regulating stem cell fate. How crosstalk between mechanical and biochemical cues influences embryonic development, however, is not extensively investigated. Using a comparative study of focal adhesion constituents between mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) and their differentiated counterparts, we find while zyxin is lowly expressed in mESCs, its levels increase dramatically during early differentiation.

Atypical endoscopic finding of colocolic intussusception: case report and literature review.

Background: Adult-onset colonic intussusception is a rarely encountered condition that leads to large intestinal obstruction with time. Patients often present with a variety of symptoms that are non-specific making it challenging to arrive at a definitive diagnosis. This is worrying as diagnostic delay could lead to a significant increase in morbidity and mortality.

Transcriptomics indicate nuclear division and cell adhesion not recapitulated in MCF7 and MCF10A compared to luminal A breast tumours.

Breast cancer (BC) cell lines are useful experimental models to understand cancer biology. Yet, their relevance to modelling cancer remains unclear. To better understand the tumour-modelling efficacy of cell lines, we performed RNA-seq analyses on a combined dataset of 2D and 3D cultures of tumourigenic MCF7 and non-tumourigenic MCF10A.

Alzheimer's Disease Blood Biomarkers Associated With Neuroinflammation as Therapeutic Targets for Early Personalized Intervention.

The definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) without the need for neuropathological confirmation remains a challenge in AD research today, despite efforts to uncover the molecular and biological underpinnings of the disease process. Furthermore, the potential for therapeutic intervention is limited upon the onset of symptoms, providing motivation for studying and treating the AD precursor mild cognitive impairment (MCI), the prodromal stage of AD instead. Applying machine learning classification to transcriptomic data of MCI, AD, and cognitively normal (CN) control patients, we identified differentially expressed genes that serve as biomarkers for the characterization and classification of subjects into MCI or AD groups.

Integration of a microfluidic multicellular coculture array with machine learning analysis to predict adverse cutaneous drug reactions.

Adverse cutaneous reactions are potentially life-threatening skin side effects caused by drugs administered into the human body. The availability of a human-specific platform that can prospectively screen drugs and predict this risk is therefore of great importance to drug safety. However, since adverse cutaneous drug reactions are mediated by at least 2 distinct mechanisms, both involving systemic interactions between liver, immune and dermal tissues, existing skin models have not been able to comprehensively recapitulate these complex, multi-cellular interactions to predict the skin-sensitization potential of drugs.

Compressive forces driven by lateral actin fibers are a key to the nuclear deformation under uniaxial cell-substrate stretching.

Cells sense the direction of mechanical stimuli including substrate stretching and show morphological and functional responses. The nuclear deformation with respect to the direction of mechanical stimuli is thought of as a vital factor in mechanosensitive intracellular signaling and gene transcription, but the detailed relationship between the direction of stimuli and nuclear deformation behavior is not fully solved yet. Here, we assessed the role of actin cytoskeletons in nuclear deformation caused by cell substrate stretching with different directions.

Clinical Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Positron Emission Tomography of Lung Cancer.

The ability of a computer to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence or artificial intelligence (AI) is not new. However, until recently, practical applications in medical imaging were limited, especially in the clinic. With advances in theory, microelectronic circuits, and computer architecture as well as our ability to acquire and access large amounts of data, AI is becoming increasingly ubiquitous in medical imaging.

Characteristics Associated with the Use of Diagnostic Prostate Biopsy and Biopsy Outcomes in Australian Men.

Background: Population characteristics associated with the use of prostate biopsy are poorly understood. We described the use of diagnostic prostate biopsy and subsequent biopsy outcomes in a population-based Australian cohort.

Methods: A total of 91,764 men from the Sax Institute's 45 and Up Study (New South Wales, Australia) recruited during 2006 to 2009 were included.

Mutant p53 Mediates Sensitivity to Cancer Treatment Agents in Oesophageal Adenocarcinoma Associated with MicroRNA and SLC7A11 Expression.

gene mutations occur in 70% of oesophageal adenocarcinomas (OACs). Given the central role of p53 in controlling cellular response to therapy we investigated the role of mutant (mut-) p53 and SLC7A11 in a CRISPR-mediated JH-EsoAd1 knockout model. Response to 2 Gy irradiation, cisplatin, 5-FU, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, and endoxifen was assessed, followed by a TaqMan OpenArray qPCR screening for differences in miRNA expression.