Quantifying the impact of upper limb tremor on the quality of life of people with multiple sclerosis: a comparison between the QUEST and MSIS-29 scales.

Background: Upper limb tremor is common in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) and can affect day to day function, impacting on their tremor related quality of life (tremor-QOL). The Quality of Life in Essential Tremor Questionnaire (QUEST) is a tremor-QOL scale, however it has not been validated for use in pwMS. This is in contrast to the Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29), a MS health related QOL (MS-QOL) scale validated in pwMS.

Anti-HIV antibody-dependent activation of NK cells impairs NKp46 expression.

There is much interest in the potential of Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) to slow disease progression following HIV infection. Despite several studies demonstrating a positive association between ADCC and slower disease progression, it is possible that continued stimulation of NK cells by ADCC during chronic HIV infection could render these cells dysfunctional. Indeed, activation of NK cells by ADCC results in matrix metalloproteinase-induced reductions in CD16 expression and activation refractory periods.