The Evolving Role of Artificial Intelligence in Radiotherapy Treatment Planning-A Literature Review.

This paper examines the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in radiotherapy for cancer treatment. The importance of radiotherapy in cancer management and its time-intensive planning process make AI adoption appealing especially with the escalating demand for radiotherapy. This review highlights the efficacy of AI across medical domains, where it surpasses human capabilities in areas such as cardiology and dermatology.

Role of Perioperative Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer.

Objective: We aim to describe and highlight the current use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in the muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) treatment landscape, particularly focusing on the perioperative setting. We provide a comprehensive review of key trials of the use of ICI in the perioperative setting, discussing trial outcomes and limitations and reviewing the role of biomarkers.

Introduction: ICIs have recently been integrated into the treatment algorithm for metastatic urothelial carcinoma.

Updates in the Diagnosis and Management of Giant Cell Arteritis.

Purpose Of Review: Giant cell arteritis is a systemic large vessel vasculitis that affects the older population and can cause progressive and at times, devastating complications including vision loss. While this has been commonly diagnosed and treated among vasculitides, the treatment options are limited and can have long-term adverse effects. The purpose of our review on GCA is to identify and discuss the pathophysiology and clinical aspects of GCA as they relate to the most recent data.

Exercise-Induced Changes to the Macrophage Response in the Dorsal Root Ganglia Prevent Neuropathic Pain after Spinal Cord Injury.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) induces neuropathic pain that is refractory to treatment. Central and peripheral immune responses to SCI play critical roles in pain development. Although immune responses in the dorsal horn have been implicated in SCI-pain, immune mechanisms in the periphery, especially in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), where nociceptor cell bodies reside, have not been well studied.

The Invasive Region of Glioblastoma Defined by 5ALA Guided Surgery Has an Altered Cancer Stem Cell Marker Profile Compared to Central Tumour.

Glioblastoma, a WHO grade IV astrocytoma, is a highly aggressive and heterogeneous tumour that infiltrates deeply into surrounding brain parenchyma, making complete surgical resection impossible. Despite chemo-radiotherapy, the residual cell population within brain parenchyma post-surgery causes inevitable recurrence. Previously, the tumour core has been the focus of research and the basis for targeted therapeutic regimes, which have failed to improve survival in clinical trials.

Clinically Amyopathic Dermatomyositis Complicated by Pleural Effusion Case Report, Literature Review, and Proposed Mechanism.

Polymyositis-dermatomyositis (PM-DM) is a chronic inflammatory disorder that mainly involves muscles and skin. Clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis (CADM) is a unique subset of PM-DM with typical skin manifestations but little or no evidence of musculoskeletal involvement. Many cases of dermatomyositis and CADM are associated with internal malignancy, but pulmonary manifestations can also been seen; the most common of which is interstitial lung disease.

HLA polymorphisms in Sindhi community in Mumbai, India.

Indian population is an amalgamation of various ethnicities, cultural and linguistic diversities, primarily due to marriages within a community. HLA-A, B and DRB1 alleles and haplotype frequencies were investigated in the Sindhi and compared with Marathi, Gujarati and North Indian population from Mumbai. This work is a part of a larger effort aimed at analysis of the HLA profile of diverse Indian ethnics to establish an umbilical cord stem cell panel in India.

Understanding hallux valgus deformity: what the surgeon wants to know from the conventional radiograph.

Hallux valgus deformity is a common and a significant source of symptoms. It can interfere with daily activities and affects the quality of life of many people. Imaging evaluation is performed almost exclusively by conventional radiography and systematic evaluation of the conventional radiograph can provide the clinician with the necessary information to choose the correct surgical procedure.

Medical imaging of the diabetic foot.

Medical imaging of the diabetic foot entails a variety of imaging modalities. The diagnostic evaluation often includes a gamut of studies that include conventional radiography, CT, nuclear medicine scintigraphy, MRI, ultrasonography, and a newcomer, positron emission tomography combined with CT and leukocyte labeling. There is not yet "one best test" for sorting out the diagnostic dilemmas that are commonly encountered.

Phenotype frequencies of autosomal minor histocompatibility antigens display significant differences among populations.

Minor histocompatibility (H) antigens are allogeneic target molecules having significant roles in alloimmune responses after human leukocyte antigen-matched solid organ and stem cell transplantation (SCT). Minor H antigens are instrumental in the processes of transplant rejection, graft-versus-host disease, and in the curative graft-versus-tumor effect of SCT. The latter characteristic enabled the current application of selected minor H antigens in clinical immunotherapeutic SCT protocols.

HLA alleles in pre-menopausal breast cancer patients from western India.

Background & Objectives: Cytotoxic function of Natural Killer (NK) cells is regulated by the products of HLA class I genes. Associations between HLA alleles and risk for cancers have been suggested earlier. Several reports further emphasize the need to examine influence of HLA genotypes on risk for malignant disorders.

Anatomy of the interosseous region of the sacroiliac joint.

Study Design: Anatomical study of the interosseous region of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) complex.

Objectives: To document and quantify the surface topography of the interosseous region of the SIJ.

Background: A review of the literature reveals that little consideration has been given to the interosseous region of the SIJ anatomically, biomechanically, and clinically.

Human leukocyte antigens in Indian patients with chronic myeloid leukemia.

In chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), experimental studies using synthetic peptides identical to the bcr-abl fusion region have revealed the capability of specific peptides to bind to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules (HLA-A2, A3, A11, B8) and class II molecules (HLA-DR1, DR2, DR3, DR4 and DR11). Individuals expressing HLA-A3, B8 or DR4 have a diminished risk for the development of CML in Caucasian populations. A statistically significant increase in the frequency of Cw3 and Cw4 antigens in Caucasians and European CML patients has been reported.

Transarticular invasion of bone tumours across the sacroiliac joint.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pattern of tumour spread across the SI articulation, correlating with cadaveric anatomic observations, in order to better understand the local spread of tumour and to assist in the assessment of local staging.

Material And Methods: Twenty-four consecutive patients (14 male, 10 female; age range 22-89 years, mean 52 years) with primary bone tumours of the iliac bone or sacrum abutting the SI joint, in whom surgical resection of the SI joint was performed, were studied following institutional ethics approval. In all patients, preoperative magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies of the pelvis and SI joint were reviewed for imaging evidence of transarticular extension across the SI joint.

HLA-B27 polymorphism in Mumbai, Western India.

Human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 encompasses an increasing number of subtypes that show diverse racial/ethnic prevalence in the world. One thousand-one-hundred and seventy unrelated individuals from Mumbai, Maharashtra, Western India were typed for HLA-B27 antigen by serological methods. HLA-B27 positivity was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction using sequence specific primers.

Allogeneic blood stem cell transplantation in chronic myeloid leukaemia-chronic phase following conditioning with busulphan and cyclophosphamide: a follow up report.

Background: Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) or peripheral blood stem cell transplantation remains the only modality of treatment that can eradicate a leukaemia clone in the majority of patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). However, the advent of the targeted molecule imatinib mesylate (formerly STI-571) against the bcr-abl chimeric protein in the disease has brought the issue of managing newly diagnosed CML patients, especially those with available donors, to the crossroads. Although the curative potential of this agent remains unknown, it can produce complete cytogenetic response in > 60% of newly diagnosed patients.

Carpal tunnel syndrome.

Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most commonly diagnosed entrapment neuropathy. This review looks at the current body of evidence to help determine optimal practice for the diagnosis and management of this condition.

HLA antigen distribution in Jain population from Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

Background & Objectives: The Indian population is well known for its genetic diversity. Among the numerous endogamous communities, the Jain community from Mumbai is very restricted by custom, marriage and occupation. We present here the HLA antigen distribution of individuals belonging to this endogamous community.

Effect of ethnicity on denial of authorization for emergency department care by managed care gatekeepers.

Objective: After a pilot study suggested that African American patients enrolled in managed care organizations (MCOs) were more likely than whites to be denied authorization for emergency department (ED) care through gatekeeping, the authors sought to determine the association between ethnicity and denial of authorization in a second, larger study at another hospital.

Methods: A retrospective cohort design was used, with adjustment for triage score, age, gender, day and time of arrival at the ED, and type of MCO.

Results: African Americans were more likely to be denied authorization for ED visits by the gatekeepers representing their MCOs even after adjusting for confounders, with an odds ratio of 1.

Odontogenic keratocyst: an unusual cause of unilateral nasal swelling.

The odontogenic keratocyst is the least common of all odontogenic cysts which usually presents to the maxillofacial surgeon. An unusual case is described which presented to the ENT department with a rapidly enlarging unilateral intranasal mass. The clinical and radiological features of this lesion are presented and attention is drawn to the need for aggressive surgical excision because of its high recurrence rate.

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry: the effects of beam hardening on bone density measurements.

X-ray tubes have superseded radionuclide sources for dual photon absorptiometry of the spine and hip. However, the use of a polyenergetic spectrum is a potential source of error for x-ray absorptiometers since beam hardening may result in a nonlinear measurement scale for bone mineral density (BMD). A quantitative study of the effects of beam hardening on measurements made with a commercial dual energy x-ray scanner has been performed.