Characterizing Longitudinal Changes in Fear of Falling and Quality of Life in Patients with Varying Levels of Visual Field Damage.

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between baseline visual field (VF) severity and rates of visual field loss with changes in quality of life (QoL) and fear of falling (FoF) in adults with glaucoma.

Methods: Prospective cohort study, including participants from the Falls In Glaucoma Study. Quality of life and FoF were assessed annually using the Glaucoma Quality of Life-15 Questionnaire, and the University of Illinois at Chicago FoF Questionnaire, respectively, with higher Rasch-analyzed scores (in logits) indicating better QoL and greater FoF.

The Role of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Glaucoma.

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss and comprises a group of chronic optic neuropathies characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss. Various etiologies, including impaired blood supply to the optic nerve, have been implicated for glaucoma pathogenesis. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a non-invasive imaging modality for visualizing the ophthalmic microvasculature.

HIV-1 subtypes and latent reservoirs.

Purpose Of Review: We explore the current status of research on HIV-1 subtype-specific variations and their impact on HIV-1 latency. We also briefly address the controversy surrounding the decision-making process governing the ON/OFF states of HIV-1 transcription, specifically focusing on the regulatory elements, the long terminal repeat (LTR), and Tat. Understanding the decision-making process is crucial for developing effective intervention strategies, such as the 'shock-and-kill' approach, to reactivate latent HIV-1.

Association between HSP-Specific T-Cell Counts and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma.

Objective: Previous laboratory reports implicate heat shock protein (HSP)-specific T-cell responses in glaucoma pathogenesis; here, we aimed to provide direct clinical evidence by correlating systemic HSP-specific T-cell levels with glaucoma severity in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).

Design: Cross-sectional case-control study.

Subjects: Thirty-two adult patients with POAG and 38 controls underwent blood draw and optic nerve imaging.

Incidence and risk factors for glaucoma development and progression after corneal transplantation.

Objective: To assess the cumulative incidence and risk factors for glaucoma development and progression within 1-2 years following corneal transplant surgery.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Methods: Patients undergoing penetrating keratoplasty (PK), deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK), Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK), Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK), Boston keratoprosthesis type I (KPro) implantation, or endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK or DMEK) under previous PK (EK under previous PK) at one academic institution with at least 1 year of follow-up were included.

Combined Model of OCT Angiography and Structural OCT Parameters to Predict Paracentral Visual Field Loss in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma.

Purpose: To assess a model combining OCT angiography (OCTA) and OCT parameters to predict the severity of paracentral visual field (VF) loss in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Participants: Forty-four patients with POAG and 42 control subjects underwent OCTA and OCT imaging with a swept-source OCT device.

Assessing Surface Shapes of the Optic Nerve Head and Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer in Glaucoma with Artificial Intelligence.

Purpose: To assess 3-dimensional surface shape patterns of the optic nerve head (ONH) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in glaucoma with unsupervised artificial intelligence (AI).

Design: Retrospective study.

Participants: Patients with OCT scans obtained between 2016 and 2020 from Massachusetts Eye and Ear.

Glaucoma in Patients With Endothelial Keratoplasty.

Endothelial keratoplasty (EK), including Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty and Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty, is now the most performed corneal transplant procedure in the United States. Intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation and glaucoma are common complications and can cause irreversible vision loss and corneal graft failure. This review will cover the incidence, risk factors, and management of glaucoma and IOP elevation after EK.

Restoration of Vision in Severe, Cicatricial, Ocular Surface Disease With the Boston Keratoprosthesis Type II.

Purpose: To assess clinical outcomes of patients with severe, cicatricial ocular surface disease (OSD) implanted with the currently marketed design of the Boston keratoprosthesis type II (BK2).

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Methods: Records of consecutive patients undergoing BK2 implantation from June 2009 to March 2021 were assessed for postoperative visual acuity, postoperative complications, device replacement, and additional surgeries.

Paired Optic Nerve Microvasculature and Nailfold Capillary Measurements in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma.

Purpose: To assess microvascular beds in the optic nerve head (ONH), peripapillary tissue, and the nailfold in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) versus controls.

Methods: Patients with POAG (n = 22) and controls (n = 12) underwent swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography of ophthalmic microvasculature and nailfold video capillaroscopy of the hand. The main outcomes were vessel density (VD) and blood flow of the ONH, the peripapillary and the nailfold microvasculatures.

Ocular complications of perioperative anesthesia: a review.

Ocular complications associated with anesthesia in ocular and non-ocular surgeries are rare adverse events which may present with clinical presentations vacillating between easily treatable corneal abrasions to more serious complication such as irreversible bilateral vision loss. In this review, we outline the different techniques of anesthetic delivery in ocular surgeries and highlight the incidence and etiologies of associated injuries. The changes in vision in non-ocular surgeries are mistaken for residual sedation or anesthetics, therefore require high clinical suspicion on part of the treating ophthalmologists, to ensure early diagnosis, adequate and swift management especially in surgeries such as cardiac, spine, head and neck, and some orthopedic procedures, that have a comparatively higher incidence of ocular complications.

Recent advances in the management of non-infectious posterior uveitis.

Purpose: To review the current regimens and novel therapeutic modalities in various stages of research and development for the management of non-infectious posterior uveitis (NIPU).

Methods: We performed a thorough review of current literature using PubMed, Google Scholar and Clinicaltrials.gov to identify the published literature about the available therapeutics and novel drugs/therapies in different stages of clinical trials.

Window to the circulatory system: Ocular manifestations of cardiovascular diseases.

The changes in the cardiovascular system are associated with ocular manifestations, often as a consequence of pathological alteration in the ocular vasculature. The ease of visualization of these retinal changes makes the eye a window to the cardiovascular system. Certain congenital cardiac defects lead to changes in the retinal vascularity due to increased tortuosity and dilatation.

Semmelweis Reflex: An Age-Old Prejudice.

Background: Semmelweis reflex is a human behavioral tendency to stick to preexisting beliefs and to reject fresh ideas that contradict them (despite adequate evidence). We aim to familiarize the readers with the term that not only has a significant historical background but also grave clinical implications.

Methods: A keyword search for "Semmelweis reflex," "Belief perseverance," "handwashing," and "Idea rejection" was conducted using PubMed Central, MEDLINE, and Google SCHOLAR.