Long-term safety and efficacy of ziv-aflibercept in retinal diseases.

Aims: To investigate the long-term safety of intravitreal ziv-aflibercept in eyes receiving six or more intravitreal injections of ziv-aflibercept, an off-label substitute to the approved aflibercept.

Methods: Consecutive patients with retinal disease receiving six or more of intravitreal 0.05 mL ziv-aflibercept (1.

AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN CHOROIDAL VASCULAR DENSITY OF HEALTHY SUBJECTS BASED ON IMAGE BINARIZATION OF SWEPT-SOURCE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY.

Purpose: To analyze the vascular density of the choroid in a healthy population using swept-source optical coherence tomography.

Methods: A cross-sectional, noninterventional study.

Inclusion Criteria: best-corrected visual acuity between 20/20 and 20/25, spherical equivalent between ±3 diopters, no systemic or ocular diseases, and ages ranging between 3 and 85 years.

OUTER RETINAL TUBULATION IN RETINAL DYSTROPHIES.

Background/purpose: To evaluate the occurrence and characteristics of outer retinal tubulation (ORT) in an Indian population with retinal dystrophies.

Methods: In this retrospective study, 309 eyes of 157 patients with retinal dystrophies including retinitis pigmentosa (RP, 183 eyes), Stargardt disease (STGD, 93 eyes) and Best disease (33 eyes) were reviewed. The demographic details, clinical data including visual acuity, treatment history and good quality spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scans were collected.

Intravitreal ziv-aflibercept for the treatment of choroidal neovascularisation associated with conditions other than age-related macular degeneration.

Aim: To report the short-term outcomes of eyes with choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) associated with causes other than age-related macular degeneration (AMD) after treatment with intravitreal ziv-aflibercept (IVZ) injections.

Methods: This retrospective study included eyes with non-AMD-related CNV that were treated with IVZ (1.25 mg/0.

SURGICAL OUTCOMES AND COMPLICATIONS OF RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT IN EYES WITH CHORIORETINAL COLOBOMA: The Results of the KKESH International Collaborative Retina Study Group.

Purpose: To study the outcomes of management of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in eyes with chorioretinal colobomas.

Methods: A retrospective review of 119 patients (119 eyes) with chorioretinal colobomas who underwent surgical repair for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment was performed. Data were collected on the site of the retinal break, type of surgery, anatomical success, and complications.

SHORT-TERM SAFETY OF 2 MG INTRAVITREAL ZIV-AFLIBERCEPT.

Purpose: To evaluate the safety of single intravitreal 2 mg ziv-aflibercept (0.08 mL) injections for the treatment of choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVM).

Methods: Eyes with choroidal neovascular membranes because of several conditions each received single intravitreal injections of 2 mg ziv-aflibercept (0.

Role of Diagnostic Endoscopy in Posterior Segment Evaluation for Definitive Prognostication in Eyes With Corneal Opacification.

Purpose: Direct visualization of the posterior segment is not possible with conventional imaging techniques in eyes with corneal opacification. This study evaluated the efficacy of videoendoscopy in visualizing and hence prognosticating the visual outcomes in such eyes.

Design: Prospective, noncomparative, consecutive interventional case series.

EN FACE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY AND OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY OF MULTIPLE EVANESCENT WHITE DOT SYNDROME: New Insights Into Pathogenesis.

Purpose: To localize the various levels of abnormalities in multiple evanescent white dot syndrome by comparing "en face" optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography with various conventional imaging modalities.

Methods: In this retrospective case series, multimodal imaging was performed in 9 retinal centers on 36 patients with multiple evanescent white dot syndrome and included widefield fundus autofluorescence (FAF), fluorescein angiography (FA), and indocyanine green angiography, and B-scan and "en face" C-scan enhanced depth imaging and spectral domain OCT. Optical coherence tomography angiography was also performed at the level of the superficial and deep retinal capillary plexus and choroid.

OUTCOMES OF ANTI-VEGF THERAPY IN CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION AFTER MACULAR SURGERY.

Purpose: To report treatment outcomes of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy in choroidal neovascularization (CNV) presenting after macular surgery.

Methods: Retrospective analysis of 7 eyes of 7 patients, who were diagnosed to have CNV after macular surgery and were treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy. Collected data included demographic details; history of present illness; surgical procedure; and clinical examination including visual acuity at presentation and follow-up with imaging and management.

Outer Retinal Tubulation in Subretinal Neovascularization Associated with Macular Telangiectasia Type 2.

Purpose: To describe characteristics of outer retinal tubulation (ORT) in eyes with subretinal neovascular membrane (SRNVM) associated with Macular Telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel type 2).

Methods: A retrospective analysis of longitudinal spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scans of 46 eyes of 30 patients with SRNVM associated with MacTel type 2 was performed. To identify ORTs, each B-scan image of the macular cube (512 X 128) scan on the Cirrus® SD-OCT was reviewed.

VISUAL FUNCTION CORRELATES OF FOVEAL SLOPE CHANGES ON OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY IN MACULAR TELANGIECTASIA TYPE 2.

Purpose: To evaluate changes in foveal and parafoveal thickness measured using optical coherence tomography across five stages of macular telangiectasia 2 (MacTel 2) and to correlate the foveal slope angle with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA).

Methods: A multicentered, cross-sectional study of 90 patients with bilateral MacTel 2 was carried out. We reviewed medical records of patients who had undergone optical coherence tomography.

Update of choroidal imaging techniques: Past, present and future.

The choroid is the middle layer of the eye, a very vascular and pigmented tissue, with its role in several ophthalmological pathologies already having been clearly established. But it was not until the last few years that we have been able to reliably and precisely measure and quantify its shape and thickness. Ultrasound technology and indocyanine green angiography were the first techniques used for the study of the choroid, and they still maintain their use and clinical indications for the diagnosis and management of several pathologies.

Comparison of clinico-microbiological profile and treatment outcome of in-house and referred post cataract surgery endophthalmitis in a tertiary care center in South India.

Background: The purpose of the study is to compare the clinico-microbiological profile and treatment outcome of in-house vs referred cases of post cataract surgery endophthalmitis in a tertiary eye care facility in South India.

Methods: The clinical records of 50 culture-positive cases each of in-house (group A) and referred (group B) post cataract surgery endophthalmitis were analyzed. The management protocol was similar in both groups.

Intravitreal dexamethasone implant for recurrent cystoid macular edema due to Irvine-Gass syndrome: a prospective case series.

PurposeTo determine the preliminary efficacy and safety of off-label dexamethasone implant for treatment of recurrent cystoid macular edema (CME) secondary to Irvine-Gass syndrome (IGS).Patients and methodsThis study was set in Raghudeep Eye Clinic, Ahmedabad and LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad (India). It is a Prospective Case Series.

A Review of the Role of Intravitreal Corticosteroids as an Adjuvant to Antibiotics in Infectious Endophthalmitis.

Infectious endophthalmitis is an important cause of vision loss worldwide. This entity most often occurs as a complication of intraocular surgery especially following cataract surgery or intravitreal injection. Endophthalmitis is regarded as a serious complication following ocular surgery and the final visual outcome is fundamentally contingent on timely recognition and intervention.

Vitreous haemorrhage in massive hemorrhagic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes: Vitreous hemorrhage in PCV.

Background: To report the outcomes of vitreous hemorrhage (VH) associated with hemorrhagic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV).

Methods: A retrospective study of 28 eyes of 27 consecutive patients of hemorrhagic PCV with VH, which were managed surgically between January 2003 and December 2011, was performed. All patients underwent pars plana vitrectomy for VH associated with PCV.

Management of noninfectious posterior uveitis with intravitreal drug therapy.

Uveitis is an important cause of vision loss worldwide due to its sight-threatening complications, especially cystoid macular edema, as well as choroidal neovascularization, macular ischemia, cataract, and glaucoma. Systemic corticosteroids are the mainstay of therapy for noninfectious posterior uveitis; however, various systemic side effects can occur. Intravitreal medication achieves a therapeutic level in the vitreous while minimizing systemic complications and is thus used as an exciting alternative.

Intravitreal ziv-aflibercept for macular edema following retinal vein occlusion.

Aim: To report the efficacy of intravitreal ziv-aflibercept injections in eyes with macular edema due to retinal vein occlusions (RVOs).

Methods: Consecutive patients with persistent or recurrent macular edema (central macula thickness >250 μm) due to RVO were enrolled in this prospective study. Study eyes received intravitreal injections of ziv-aflibercept (1.

Subfoveal choroidal thickness as a predictor of central serous chorioretinopathy.

PurposeThe purpose of the study was to evaluate the role of subfoveal choroidal thickness (CT) measurements as a predictor for the course of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC).Patients and methodsThirty-eight eyes of 33 patients with CSC were analyzed retrospectively. Key inclusion criteria were naive (acute or recurrent) CSC; a minimum of 12 months of follow up; and the availability of good quality enhanced depth imaging SD-OCT images at each visit.

In Vivo Evidence of Inner Retinal Neurodegeneration in Retinitis Pigmentosa Using Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography.

Background And Objective: To investigate the topographic changes in macular ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness in eyes with retinitis pigmentosa (RP).

Patients And Methods: Forty-five eyes of 25 subjects with RP who underwent spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) using the Cirrus HD-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) were analyzed retrospectively. A control group of 67 eyes of 48 age-matched healthy volunteers was also included for comparison.

Investigation of alterations in multifractality in optical coherence tomographic images of in vivo human retina.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) enables us to monitor alterations in the thickness of the retinal layer as disease progresses in the human retina. However, subtle morphological changes in the retinal layers due to early disease progression often may not lead to detectable alterations in the thickness. OCT images encode depth-dependent backscattered intensity distribution arising due to the depth distributions of the refractive index from tissue microstructures.

Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes of Recurrent Central Retinal Vein Occlusions.

Purpose: To report the ocular findings, systemic hematologic parameters, and treatment outcomes of patients with recurrent central retinal vein occlusions (CRVO).

Methods: A retrospective analysis of eyes that developed recurrent CRVO was performed. Key exclusion criteria were follow-up of less than six months after the recurrence, incomplete documentation, and recurrent macular edema in an eye with a CRVO but without evidence of increased superficial hemorrhage or disc edema (recurrent CRVO).