Stannous fluoride forms aggregates between outer and inner membranes leading to membrane rupture of and .

Objective: Stannous has been shown to bind to free lipopolysaccharides, thus preventing them from binding to TLR receptors. This study was undertaken to determine the histomorphological mechanism of stannous binding to anaerobic bacteria.

Methods: Two bacteria associated with gingivitis and advanced periodontal disease, () and , were cultured in 25-1,000 μM of stannous fluoride and stannous chloride for 48 h.

Protection of hair from damage induced by ultraviolet irradiation using tea (Camellia sinensis) extracts.

Background: Damage to hair by UV is relevant to most people, and for many, it is a major source of hair damage. Prevention of UV damage is of high interest to cosmetic companies.

Objectives: Describe UV damage mechanisms and link these mechanisms to measurable changes in hair protein composition and color changes resulting from breakdown of yellow-colored kynurenines.

Clinical effects of stannous fluoride dentifrice in reducing plaque microbial virulence III: Lipopolysaccharide and TLR2 reporter cell gene activation.

Purpose: This study expanded the analysis of subgingival dental plaques from previous research to include the evaluation of cohort, site and treatment effects on chemically measured endotoxin and activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) based gene expression in two additional reporter cell lines: a TLR2 specific cell line and a THP-1 (multi TLR reporter) cell line.

Methods: Participants from high and low bleeding cohorts were sampled at baseline for both supra and subgingival dental plaque at both healthy as well as clinically diseased sites and then provided with intervention hygiene products including a stabilized SnF₂ dentifrice and a new soft bristle manual toothbrush. Following 2 and 4 weeks of assigned dentifrice use, participants returned for a re-evaluation of gingival inflammation and bleeding and repeat samplings of dental plaque.

Lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid binding by antimicrobials used in oral care formulations.

Purpose: To study the reactivity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) with the cationically charged agents cetylpyridinium chloride, stannous fluoride, and the non-cationic agent triclosan. We also assessed the effect of these agents to inhibit LPS and LTA binding to cellular Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) in vitro.

Methods: The ability of these antimicrobials to bind with LPS and/or LTA was assessed in both the Limulus amebocyte lysate and BODIPY-TR-cadaverine dye assays.

Quantitation of endotoxin and lipoteichoic acid virulence using toll receptor reporter gene.

Purpose: To apply quantitative Toll-like receptors (TLR) cell assays to compare lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and lipoteichoic acids (LTAs) from different oral bacterial strains for potential pathogenicity in vitro.

Methods: The potency of LPS and LTA from different bacteria on activation of TLR reporter genes in HEK-tlr cell lines was examined. P.

Clinical Effects of Stabilized Stannous Fluoride Dentifrice in Reducing Plaque Microbial Virulence I: Microbiological and Receptor Cell Findings.

Objectives: Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and lipoteichoic acids (LTAs), or bacterial endotoxins, bind with Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that are expressed on host cells of the periodontium, thereby contributing to the periodontal pathogenicity of oral bacteria. Stannous fluoride (SnF2), an antibacterial fluoride that treats and controls gingivitis, has been shown to react with lipophilic domains/anionic charges in LPS and LTA. The effects of bacterial species and dental plaque on toll receptors can be studied using genetically engineered cell lines containing linked toll receptors on their surfaces.

Lipopolysaccharide and Lipoteichoic Acid Virulence Deactivation by Stannous Fluoride.

Objectives: Oral bacterial pathogens promote gingivitis and periodontal disease. Bacterial endotoxins, also known as lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and lipoteichoic acids (LTAs), are known to enhance bacterial pathogenicity through binding with Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a group of pattern recognition receptors critical to the activation of innate immunity, that are expressed on host cells. Both LPS and LTA contain lipophilic domains and anionic charges that may be susceptible to reactivity with stannous fluoride, a commonly used ingredient clinically proven for the treatment and prevention of gingivitis.