Macrovascular Risk Equations Based on the CANVAS Program.

Background: Widely used risk equations for cardiovascular outcomes for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been incapable of predicting cardioprotective effects observed in recent cardiovascular outcomes trials (CVOTs) involving individuals with T2DM at high risk for or with established cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Objective: We developed cardiovascular and mortality risk equations using patient-level data from the CANVAS (CANagliflozin cardioVascular Assessment Study) Program to address this shortcoming.

Methods: Data from 10,142 patients with T2DM at high risk for or with established CVD, randomized to canagliflozin + standard of care (SoC) or SoC alone and followed for a mean duration of 3.

Association of diabetes-related kidney disease with cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular outcomes: a retrospective cohort study.

Background: Diabetes-related kidney disease is associated with end-stage renal disease and mortality, but opportunities remain to quantify its association with cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular morbidity outcomes.

Methods: We used the Truven Health MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database, 2010-2014, which includes specific health services records for employees and their dependents from a selection of large employers, health plans, and government and public organizations. We used administrative claims data to quantify the association between diabetes-related kidney disease and end-stage renal disease, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, stroke, and infections.

Lifetime benefits of early detection and treatment of diabetic kidney disease.

Objectives: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a frequent complication of diabetes with potentially devastating consequences that may be prevented or delayed. This study aimed to estimate the health and economic benefit of earlier diagnosis and treatment of DKD.

Methods: Life expectancy and medical spending for people with diabetes were modeled using The Health Economics Medical Innovation Simulation (THEMIS).

Conducting and interpreting results of network meta-analyses in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A review of network meta-analyses that include sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors.

Aims: Network meta-analyses (NMAs) are valuable ways to generate comparative effectiveness data for therapies available to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This review assesses NMAs that evaluate sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for treatment of T2DM and discusses potential issues in conducting and interpreting NMAs.

Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted on September 13, 2018 using the search terms "network meta-analysis," "SGLT2," variations of these terms, and individual SGLT2 inhibitor names.

Long-Term Clinical Benefits of Canagliflozin 100 mg Versus Sulfonylurea in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled With Metformin in India.

Objectives: To simulate the long-term health outcomes of canagliflozin 100 mg versus glimepiride over 20 years in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) inadequately controlled on metformin from the perspective of the Indian health care system.

Methods: Health outcomes were simulated using the validated Economic and Health Outcomes Model of T2DM. Patient demographic characteristics, biomarker values, and treatment effects were sourced from a subgroup of Indian patients enrolled in a 52-week, head-to-head study of canagliflozin versus glimepiride (mean maximum dose of 5.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Canagliflozin 300 mg Versus Dapagliflozin 10 mg Added to Metformin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in the United States.

Introduction: Agents that inhibit sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2), including canagliflozin and dapagliflozin, are approved in the United States for the treatment of adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). SGLT2 inhibition lowers blood glucose by increasing urinary glucose excretion, which leads to a mild osmotic diuresis and a net loss of calories that are associated with reductions in body weight and blood pressure. This analysis evaluated the cost-effectiveness of canagliflozin 300 mg versus dapagliflozin 10 mg in patients with T2DM inadequately controlled with metformin in the United States.

Cost of Glycemic Target Achievement with Sodium Glucose Co-transporter 2 Inhibitors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in the UK.

Introduction: Diabetes-related costs make up a large portion of healthcare expenditures in the UK. Many of these costs are related to treatment of diabetes-related complications. Reducing HbA1c to <7.

Cost-effectiveness of Canagliflozin versus Sitagliptin When Added to Metformin and Sulfonylurea in Type 2 Diabetes in Canada.

BackgroundCanagliflozin, an agent that inhibits sodium glucose co-transporter 2, is approved as add-on to metformin plus sulfonylurea for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in Canada. Canagliflozin offers greater glycemic control, as well as important additional benefits such as weight loss and blood pressure reductions, versus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors such as sitagliptin.  ObjectiveThis analysis evaluated the cost-effectiveness of canagliflozin 300 mg and canagliflozin 100 mg versus sitagliptin 100 mg in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin plus sulfonylurea from the perspective of the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health.

Cost-Effectiveness of Canagliflozin versus Sitagliptin as Add-on to Metformin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Mexico.

Objective: To assess the cost-effectiveness of canagliflozin versus sitagliptin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as an add-on to metformin in Mexico.

Methods: A validated model (Economic and Health Outcomes [ECHO]-T2DM) was used to estimate the cost-effectiveness of canagliflozin 300 or 100 mg versus sitagliptin 100 mg in patients with T2DM inadequately controlled on metformin monotherapy. Data from a head-to-head, phase III clinical trial, including patients' baseline demographic characteristics, biomarker values, and treatment effects, were used to simulate outcomes and resource use over 20 years from the perspective of the Mexican health care system.

Recent antihyperglycemic prescribing trends for US privately insured patients with type 2 diabetes.

Objective: The mid-1990s witnessed the introduction of new classes of medications to treat hyperglycemia of type 2 diabetes. There is evidence that these newer classes have found a place in the therapeutic armamentarium, but details of their use patterns are not known. We sought to determine whether antihyperglycemic prescribing patterns changed concurrently with new drug introductions, and whether such changes were related to changes in the underlying patient population.

Health care costs of allergic rhinitis-associated conditions vary with allergy season.

Background: Studies have documented how allergic respiratory symptoms vary with allergen levels, but the impact of allergen levels on health care expenditures for allergy-related conditions has never been shown using actual data on outdoor allergen levels. Evidence linking respiratory allergy to comorbid conditions has also been scanty.

Objective: To investigate the link between respiratory allergy and presumably associated conditions by documenting seasonal patterns in their severity and co-occurrence, and to suggest a plan for future research.

Treating allergic rhinitis in patients with comorbid asthma: the risk of asthma-related hospitalizations and emergency department visits.

Background: Although asthma and allergic rhinitis commonly occur together, the nature of the association has yet to be determined. Treatments for one condition could potentially alleviate the coexisting condition.

Objective: Patients with both allergic rhinitis and asthma were studied to test the hypothesis that treating allergic rhinitis reduces health care utilization for co-morbid asthma.