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Morphomechanical reactions and mechanically stressed structures in amphibian embryos, as related to gastrulation and axial organs formation.

Reactions of embryonic tissues to a distributed and concentrated stretching are described and compared with the mechanics of the normal gastrulation movements. A role of mechanically stressed dynamic cell structures in the gastrulation, demarcation of notochord borders and in providing proportionality of the axial rudiments is demonstrated. A morphomechanical scheme of amphibian gastrulation is presented.

Fluid model of epithelial morphogenesis: Oscillations and structuring.

We have revised a mathematical model of epithelial morphogenesis by Belintsev et al. (1987) (BB model) taking into account the oscillatory nature of morphogenesis and stability analysis (Cherdantsev, 2014). Following the BB model in considering the feedback control of cell shape changes by mechanical forces, we modify it to represent epithelial surface movements observed in different types of Metazoan gastrulation.

[Geometry of Movement of the Outer Surface of the Embryo during Xenopus Gastrulation].

The surface of Xenopus laevis embryos was marked with carbon particles, after which the location of mark groups was recorded by time-lapse video imaging and subsequent image analysis until their disappearance in the depth of gastric invagination. Measuring the distances between individually identifiable marks whose size is smaller than the size of a single cell makes it possible to quantitatively analyze the geometry of collective cell movement without any external coordinate system. During the dorsal blastopore lip (DBL) formation, the invagination of surface cells fundamentally differs from the preceding and subsequent lateromedial (LM) intercalation, being associated with a decrease in the meridional distance and an increase in the latitudinal distance between the marked surface sites.

[Variability of Quantitative Morphogenetic Parameters during Early Morphogenesis of the Loach, Missgurnus fossilis L].

Analysis of normal variation in quantitative morphological characters during the early embryonic development of the loach, based on fixed material and individual developmental trajectories of living embryos, shows that the dorsoventral differentiation of the blastoderm proceeds in two stages. Initially, at the onset of epiboly, the sagittal (short) and transverse (long) blastoderm meridians are marked off, and only then, upon germ ring (GR) formation, differentiation between the opposite poles of the sagittal meridian takes place. The embryonic shield (ES) usually appears in the segment of the blastoderm where the radius of its external curvature reaches a maximum and, therefore, the active surface tension at the blastoderm boundary with the YSL (peri-blast) and yolk is the highest.

Intra-individual variation and evolution of modular structure in Draba plants.

We studied the evolution of quantitative traits related to shoot system architecture in a large genus Draba (Brassicaceae) making emphasis on the dynamics of relationship between individual and intra-individual variation. The results suggest that selection leading to origin of different life forms arises mainly from a necessity of moderation of the non-adaptive contest between the egoistic plant modules, taking care of self-reproduction of their own. We separated two evolutionary trends, one leading to the formation of short-lived monocarpic, and the other to long-lived polycarpic forms from the short-lived polycarpic plants.

Generic oscillation patterns of the developing systems and their role in the origin and evolution of ontogeny.

The role of generic oscillation patterns in embryonic development on a macroscopic scale is discussed in terms of active shell model. These self-oscillations include periodic changes in both the mean shape of the shell surface and its spatial variance. They lead to origination of a universal oscillatory contour in the form of a non-linear dependence of the average rudiment's curvature upon the curvature variance.

[Morphogenetic consequences of partial removal of blastomere cytoplasm during early embryonic development of the loach, Misgurnus fossilis L].

The development of loach embryos is successfully regulated (normalized) after partial removal of the cytoplasm from one blastomere at the two- or four-cell stage or complete removal of one or two blastomeres at the stage of 8-16 cells. Using time-lapse video imaging and morphometric analysis, it has been shown that this regulation is a two-stage process. At the first stage, the ratio between the volumes of the blastodisk and yolk sac is rapidly (within one or two cell cycles) restored almost to the initial level; at the second stage, morphogenesis of the embryo is modified according to its new structural features acquired after the operation.

Morphogenesis of active shells.

We consider the active shell as a single-cell or epithelial sheet surface that, sharing basic properties of stretched elastic shells, is capable of active planar movement owing to recruiting of the new surface elements. As model examples of their morphogenesis, we consider the growth and differentiation of single-cell hairs (trichomes) in plants of the genus Draba, and the epiboly and formation of the dorsoventral polarity in loach. The essential feature of the active shell behavior at both cellular and supracellular levels is regular deviating from the spatially homogeneous form, which is a primary cause of originating of the active mechanical stresses inside the shell in addition to its passive stretching by the intrinsic forces.

Morphogenetic origin of natural variation.

We studied individual pathways of gastrulation in two related amphibian species making an emphasis on the developmental dynamics of normal variation in the geometry of gastrulation movements. Analyzing the variation dynamics, we show that the linear succession of developmental stages is a secondary phenomenon disguising self-oscillations that lie at the heart of the dorsal blastopore lip morphogenesis. Characteristic features of the equations derived to describe the oscillations are, first, their dependence only on the movement geometry and, second, including of the dynamics of spatial variance directly into the movement equations, making it clear that the reasons for variability of morphogenesis are the same that for morphogenesis itself.

[Geographic variation of sexual dimorphism in the moor frog (Rana arvalis) as a result of differences in reproductive strategies].

Several local populations of the moor frog (Rana arvalis) from the southern part of the range (the Ukraine) were compared by size and age composition and morphological characters in males and females with one of the populations from Moscow Region (Zvenigorod Biological Station-ZBS). In spite of close geographical location of the Ukrainian populations (not more than 40 km), they differ significantly both in mean body size and age. At that, mean value of these parameters turned out to be lower than the corresponding values for the ZBS population.

[Geometry and mechanics of the morphogenesis of active membranes on the example of plant trichome cells of the genus Draba L].

The stages of the early morphogenesis of simple (unbranched) and complex (branched) unicellular trichomes are studied in two species of the genus Draba--D. sibirica (Pall.) Thell.

[Geographic variation as a result of evolution of the traits with broad and narrow norms of reaction in the moor frog (Rana arvalis)].

Females reproductive, size, and age characteristics were studied in isolated local populations of Rana arvalis in the southern and northern parts of its range. The yearlings of the southern populations used to get larger by their first overwintering due to earlier beginning of the breeding season, as compared with the yearlings of the northern population. As a result, "southern" females become sexually mature at the age of two years while the "northern" ones become mature at the age of three years.

[Spatial-temporal dynamics of morphogenetic blastoderm potencies in early embryogenesis of the loach].

The degree of differentiation of axial structures (notochord, neuroectoderm, and somites) in 24-hour explants (a total of 380) of the loach embryonic blastoderm was determined on histological sections according to a developed scale of estimates. Before the beginning of epiboly, axial structures were formed only from fragments of the dorsal sector of the blastoderm marginal zone. Its other sectors acquired the capacity of forming axial structure only with the beginning of epiboly, as the germ ring was formed in the marginal zone, unlike the cells outside the germ ring.

The dynamic geometry of mass cell movements in animal morphogenesis.

There is an infinite number of interactions between morphogenetic processes of different time and space scales. How do these unfold in a regular series of mass morphogenetic movements to produce a basically simple and reproducible structure? I present a new morphogenetic concept -- the spatial unfolding (SU) of cell movements, whose definition rests on the correspondence between the continuous spatial series of cell shapes and the succession of changes in the shape of a single cell moving in an epithelial sheet whose shape is also subject to change. The change in the shape of moving cells is the only measure of their translocation both in space and time.

Geometry and mechanics of teleost gastrulation and the formation of primary embryonic axes.

Examination of normal shaping dynamics and immediate and long-term responses to blastoderm cutting in zebrafish and loach embryos prior to the onset of gastrulation and during the course of epiboly revealed that anteroposterior (AP) and dorsoventral (DV) polarity formation is connected with shaping of the blastoderm circumferential region, which stretches along and shrinks across its movement axes and originates the non-isotropic fields of tensile stresses. Based on data from cutting experiments and quantitative morphology, we reconstructed the movement-shaping patterns of epiboly and embryonic shield formation. We revealed that AP and DV axes originate as a mass cell movement subject to the movement-shaping equivalence principle, which means the spatial series of differently shaped areas corresponding to the time succession of the same area shaping.

[Dynamics and variability of early morphogenesis in the loach according to observations of individual developmental trajectories].

The dynamics and variability of quantitative morphological characters (morphological variables), which undergo changes upon epiboly, were studied by means of vital observations and measurements of developing loach (Misgurnus fossilis L.) embryos within equal time intervals. None of morphological variables, which characterize the dynamics of blastoderm shape, had monotonous dependence on time.

[An experimental study on the formation of anterior-posterior polarity in the early development of the marine hydroid Dynamena pumila].

Elements of evolutionarily initial morphogenesis providing for the formation of main body axes could have been preserved in embryogenesis of lower Metazoa animals, Cnidaria. However, the information on the morphological bases of axes formation in their normal development is not yet complete. When studying the normal development of Dynamena pumila (Hydrozoa, Thecaphora, Sertulariidae), it has been proposed that the region, where the embryonic ectoblast remained unclosed for the longest time, determines the position of the posterior pole of the larval anteroposterior axis.

[Cytoembryologic aspects of evolution of specialized electric organs of fishes].

Almost all fish electric organs (EO) developed from the skeletal muscles or from its embryonic rudiments. The only exception is the definite (in contrast to larval) EO of Apteronotidae, formed by motoneurons, whose loss of relation with muscles is secondary. The main feature of all EO of the muscle genesis is cooperative morphological and electrophysiological polarity of their electrocyte cells anterioposteriorly or (in Torpedo, Uranoscopus) of the dorso-ventral axes of the body.

[Microfolds in the suprablastoporal zone of the frog gastrula and their relationship to the geometry and mechanics of gastrulation].

Spatial distribution and orientation of microfolds arising during invagination of the outer layer of suprablastoporal zone into the blastopore dorsal lip and changes of the lip shape were studied in Rana ridibunda embryos using statistical analysis of a normal individual variability. Active invagination of the cells into the lip correlated with deviation of the orientation of microfolds from the normal in the points of their intersection with the zone of dorsal lip inflection and their orientation is normalized upon transition of the cells across the inflection zone. Frequency distribution of the angle of microfold deviation from the normal is close to the exponential and, therefore, the angle of deviation is an analog of the potential energy of cells-components of the microfold: the bigger the deviation angle, the higher the potential energy.

The morphological basis of self-organization. Developmental and evolutionary aspects.

Developmental self-organization is usually considered as a matter of reaction-diffusion systems. These systems, however, require a specification that can arise only from natural selection. Meanwhile, in the evolutionary context, self-organization is equivalent to the origination of evolutionary novelties: this implies that new structural patterns emerge before they acquire a definite biological function, so that selection is of no relevance in this case.

[Embryonic cell aggregation in the loach Misgurnus fossilis L. in vivo and in vitro. The agonist of sigma opiate receptors SKF 10,047 as a regulator of the aggregation].

SKF 10,047, known as an agonist of sigma opiate receptors of the brain, specifically interacts with the surface of embryonic cells of the loach inducing clustering of concanavalin A receptors, changing rheological properties of the membrane and causing the detachment of the cultivated cells from the glass. Both, in situ and in vitro, the rate of cellular aggregation increases together with the increase in the local density of aggregates; aggregation looses its spatial homogeneity. Therefore, there is a direct relationship between destabilization of spatially homogeneous condition at the cellular and supracellular levels.