Facilitating multiple nitrite for anammox process directly treating municipal wastewater: Optimized organics utilization and microbial composition.

While direct anammox implementation is attractive when treating wastewater, nitrite (NO-N) availability and excess organic matter significantly limit its practical application. This study proposed partial nitrification and endogenous partial denitrification/anammox (PN/A-EPD/A) for the treatment of real municipal wastewater (COD/N ratio: 2.8) within a single-stage reactor under anaerobic/aerobic/anoxic mode.

Novel anammox granules formation from conventional activated sludge for municipal wastewater treatment through flocs management.

The direct integration of anammox process into municipal wastewater treatment has caused widespread concern, but the lack of anammox seeds limited its real application. This study successfully cultivated anammox granules (322.0 μm) from conventional activated sludge treating municipal wastewater.