Depression, stress, and tryptophan metabolism through the kynurenine pathway: treatment strategies from the perspective of Chinese herbal medicine.

The pathogenesis of depression is complex, involving abnormalities in tryptophan (TRP) metabolism through the kynurenine pathway (KP). Moreover, depression is closely related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the gut-brain axis, neuroinflammation, and stress. These factors collectively influence the multidimensional pathological mechanisms of depression.

Bead-based spontaneous Raman codes for multiplex immunoassay.

In the immunoassay process, for fulfilling the need to identify multiple analytes in a small amount of complex sample matrix, it is desirable to develop highly efficient and specific multiplex suspension array technology. Raman coding strategy offers an attractive solution to code the suspension arrays by simply combing narrow spectral bands with stable signal intensities through solid-phase synthesis on the resin beads. Based on this strategy, we report the bead-based spontaneous Raman codes for multiplex immunoassay.

Conjugation of (E)-5-[2-(Methoxycarbonyl)ethenyl]cytidine to hydrophilic microspheres: development of a mobile microscale UV light actinometer.

( E)-5-[2-(Methoxycarbonyl)ethenyl]cytidine was biotinylated through a diisopropylsilylacetal linkage and attached to the surface of hydrophilic streptavidin-coated microspheres through the high-affinity noncovalent interaction between biotin and streptavidin. The functionalized microspheres form a stable suspension in water. Upon UV irradiation, the nonfluorescent ( E)-5-[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethenyl]cytidine on the microspheres undergoes photocyclization to produce highly fluorescent 3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-2,7-dioxopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine.

(E)-5-[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethenyl]cytidine as a chemical actinometer for germicidal UV radiation.

(E)-5-[2-(Methoxycarbonyl)ethenyl]cytidine (S) was examined for use as a chemical actinometer for germicidal UV radiation. Its photoproduct, 3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-2,7-dioxopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine (P), is strongly fluorescent with excitation and emission maxima at 330 and 385 nm, respectively. Experiments were conducted to characterize the dynamic behavior of aqueous solutions of S and P when subjected to UV radiation.