The complete mitochondrial genome of (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae).

We describe the mitogenome sequence of alpine butterfly (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae) collected from the Qilianshan Mountain, Gansu province, China. The molecule is 15,222 bp in length, containing 37 typical insect mitochondrial genes and one AT-rich region. All protein-coding genes (PCGs) start with ATN codons, except for gene with CGA, which is often found in other butterflies.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Grum-Grshimailo (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae: Parnassiinae).

The mitogenome of Grum-Grshimailo is determined to be 15,372 bp in length, including 37 typical insect mitochondrial genes and an AT-rich region. All PCGs start with ATN, except for with CGA; 12 of 13 PCGs harbour the common stop codon TAA or TAG, whereas end with a single T. The and genes are 1344 bp and 775 bp in length, respectively.

Miocene Diversification and High-Altitude Adaptation of Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Revealed by Large-Scale Transcriptomic Data.

The early evolutionary pattern and molecular adaptation mechanism of alpine butterflies to high altitudes in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are poorly understood up to now, due to difficulties in sampling, limited sequence data, and time calibration issues. Here, we present large-scale transcriptomic datasets of eight representative species to reveal the phylogenetic timescale and potential genetic basis for high-altitude adaptation with multiple analytic strategies using 476 orthologous genes. Our phylogenetic results strongly supported that the subgenus formed a well-resolved basal clade, and the subgenera and were closely related in the phylogenetic trees.