The A subunit of vacuolar H-ATPase gene (CmVHA-A) plays opposite roles in plant growth and drought tolerance of chrysanthemum under different growing conditions.

As the most prominent proton pumps in plants, vacuolar H-ATPases (VHAs) comprise multiple subunits that are important for physiological processes and stress tolerance in plants. However, few studies on the roles of subunit genes of VHAs in chrysanthemum have been reported to date. In this study, the gene of A subunit of V-ATPase in chrysanthemum (CmVHA-A) was cloned and identified.

Effects of exogenous melatonin on photosynthesis and physiological characteristics of chry-santhemum seedlings under high temperature stress.

We examined the effects of exogenous melatonin (MT) on the resistance of 'Jinba' to high temperature stress. Chrysanthemum leaves were sprayed with 200 μmol·LMT, and then subjected to high temperature stress at 40 ℃ (day)/ 35 ℃ (night). The ultrastructure of chloroplast and thylakoid of chrysanthemum leaves were observed, and the photosynthetic and physiological indices were measured.

New insights into the role of MADS-box transcription factor gene CmANR1 on root and shoot development in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium).

Background: MADS-box transcription factors (TFs) are the key regulators of multiple developmental processes in plants; among them, a chrysanthemum MADS-box TF CmANR1 has been isolated and described as functioning in root development in response to high nitrate concentration signals. However, how CmANR1 affects root and shoot development remains unclear.

Results: We report that CmANR1 plays a positive role in root system development in chrysanthemum throughout the developmental stages of in vitro tissue cultures.

Proteomic profiling of root system development proteins in chrysanthemum overexpressing the CmTCP20 gene.

Plant root systems ensure the efficient absorption of water and nutrients and provide anchoring into the soil. Although root systems are a highly plastic set of traits that vary both between and among species, the basic root system morphology is controlled by inherent genetic factors. TCP20 has been identified as a key regulator of root development in plants, and yet its underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated, especially in chrysanthemum.

CmTCP20 Plays a Key Role in Nitrate and Auxin Signaling-Regulated Lateral Root Development in Chrysanthemum.

Lateral root (LR) formation and development play a vital role in plant development by permitting the establishment of branched root systems. It is well known that nutrient availability controls LR development. Moreover, LR development is fine-tuned by a myriad of hormonal signals.

The MADS transcription factor CmANR1 positively modulates root system development by directly regulating in chrysanthemum.

Plant root systems are essential for many physiological processes, including water and nutrient absorption. MADS-box transcription factor (TF) genes have been characterized as the important regulators of root development in plants; however, the underlying mechanism is largely unknown, including chrysanthemum. Here, it was found that the overexpression of , a chrysanthemum MADS-box TF gene, promoted both adventitious root (AR) and lateral root (LR) development in chrysanthemum.

Chrysanthemum MADS-box transcription factor CmANR1 modulates lateral root development via homo-/heterodimerization to influence auxin accumulation in Arabidopsis.

Root system architecture is an important agronomic trait by which plants both acquire water and nutrients from the soil and adapt to survive in a complex environment. The adaptation of plant root systems to environmental constraints largely depends on the growth and development of lateral roots (LRs). MADS-box transcription factors (TFs) are important known regulators of plant growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli.

[Evaluation of cold resistance of four wild Carex speices].

Four wild Carex speices (C. rigescens, C. lancifolia, C.

[Effects of nitrogen fertilization on the nitrogen uptake, accumulation, and seed quality of oil peony].

Field experiments, including four levels of N application 0, 18, 24, 30 g N·m, were carried out to clarify the effects of nitrogen fertilization on N accumulation and translocation in lea-ves as well as the seed quality of oil peony (Paeonia ostii 'Fengdan Group'). The results showed that the nitrogen application significantly increased the height, canopy, flower diameter and flower dry mass. The heights under the treatments 24 and 30 g N·m increased by 14.

[Effects of controlled-release fertilizer on chrysanthemum leaf chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics and ornamental quality].

Taking cut flower chrysanthemum 'Baima' as test material, a pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of controlled-release fertilizer on the leaf chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, chlorophyll and nutrient contents, and ornamental quality of chrysanthemum. Under no fertilization, the maximal photochemical efficiency of PS II in dark (F(v)/F(m)), potential photochemical efficiency of PS II (F(v)/F(0)), and quantum yield of PS II electron transport (phi(PS II)) decreased significantly, compared with those under fertilization. With the application of conventional compound fertilizers CCFA (N:P:K=20:8:10) and CCFB (N:P:K= 14:14:14), the F(v)/F(m), F(v)/F(0) and phi(PS II) had a slight increase in early period (30-60 d) but a remarkable decrease in mid and later periods (75 - 120 d), compared with those under the application of controlled-release fertilizers CRFA (N:P:K = 20:8:10) and CRFB (N:P:K= 14:14:14).

[Effects of ca(2+) -carrier A23187 and Ca(2+) -chelator EGTA on the flower formation of chrysanthemum under photoperiodic induction and the Ca2+ distribution and carbohydrate contents in leaves during the flower formation].

This paper studied the effects of Ca(2+) -carrier A23187 and Ca(2+) -chelator EGTA on the bud differentiation of cut flower chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorium 'Shenma') under photoperiodic induction, as well as the Ca2+ distribution and the sucrose, soluble sugar, and starch contents in 'Shenma' leaves during the differentiation. In the control, the leaf Ca2+ content was lower at the vegetative stage of apical bud (I), increased rapidly and reached a peak at the stage of initial differentiation (II), and decreased then. At stage I, the Ca2+ was mainly allocated in vacuole, cell wall, and cell lacuna; while at stage II, it was more in cytoplasm.

[Effects of low temperature- and weak light stress and its recovery on the photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of cut flower chrysanthemum].

The cut flower chrysanthemum 'Jinba' was respectively treated with lower temperature and weaker light (16 degrees C/ 12 degrees C, PFD 100 micromol x m(-2) x s(-1)) and critical low temperature and weak light (12 degrees C/8 degrees C, PFD 60 micromol x m(-2) x s(-1)) for 11 days, and then transferred to normal condition (22 degrees C/18 degrees C, PFD 450 micromol x m(-2) x s(-1)) for 11 days, aimed to study the low temperature- and weak light stress and its recovery on the photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence of chrysanthemum leaves. Under the stress of lower temperature and weaker light, the net photosynthetic rate (P(n)) and stomatal limitation (L(s)) of chrysanthemum leaves decreased while the intercellular CO2 concentration (C(i)) increased, the maximal photochemical efficiency of PS II (F(v)/F(m)) in dark and the initial fluorescence (F(o)) had no obvious change, but the maximal photochemical efficiency of PS II (F(v)'/F(m)') in light increased after an initial decrease. Contrarily, under the stress of critical low temperature and weak light, the F(o) increased, and the F(v)/F(m) and F(v)'/F(m)' decreased significantly.

[Effects of high temperature stress on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence of cut flower chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora 'Jinba')].

Cut flower chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandflora 'Jinba') plants were treated with 40 degrees C/35 degrees C or 33 degrees C/28 degrees C (day/night) for 11 days and then transferred to 23 degrees C/18 degrees C for 5 days to study the changes in their photosynthesis and fluorescence parameters under high temperature stress and normal temperature recovery. The results showed that on the 5th day of 33 degrees C/28 degrees C treatment, net photosynthesis (P(n)) decreased gradually and stomatal conductance (G(s)) decreased evidently; while after recovery for 5 days, both P(n) and G(s) resumed to 80% of the control. At 40 degrees C/35 degrees C, P(n) and G(s) decreased dramatically.

[Effects of exogenous Ca2+ on leaf photosynthetic apparatus and active oxygen scavenging enzyme system of chrysanthemum under high temperature stress].

Taking cut flower chrysanthemum 'Jinba' as test material, the effects of exogenous Ca2+ on its photosynthetic system and antioxidant enzyme activities under high temperature stress were investigated, with the possible action mechanisms of Ca2+ discussed. The results showed that under high temperature stress, Ca2+ addition greatly inhibited the net photosynthesis rate (P(n)) and quantum yield of PS II electron transport (phi(PS II)). After 24 h treatment, the P(n) and psi(PS II) were increased by 31.