Why Do Bystanders Become Cyberbullies? The Effect of Perceived Reasonableness of Online Messages on Bystanders' Aggressive Tendency and Its Underlying Mechanism.

The objectives of this study were to examine the influence of bystanders' perceived reasonableness of online messages on their aggressive tendency toward victims and to examine the mediating role of bystanders' attribution of responsibility to victims on their aggressive tendency toward the victims. Our study involved two parts: In Study 1, 295 Taiwanese undergraduates were recruited, and questionnaires were distributed to them to measure their perceived reasonableness of cyberbullying attacks. In Study 2, a total of 78 university students were recruited.

Measuring Cognitive and Social Interactive Attributes of Digital Natives: Development and Validation of a Scale.

Scholars refer to individuals who have been immersed in digital environments and who make easy use of digital languages to interact with the world as "digital natives," and Teo proposed four attributes of digital natives to illustrate their behavioral tendencies. We aimed to expand Teo's framework and to develop and validate the Scale of Digital Native Attributes (SDNA) for measuring cognitive and social interactive attributes of digital natives. Based on pre-test results, we retained 10 attributes and 37 SDNA items, with 3-4 items in each sub-dimension.

From pity to numbness: Social exclusion moderates the relationship between trait empathy and bystanders' aggressive tendencies in cyberbullying.

Studies on cyberbullying have revealed an inconsistent relationship between trait empathy and bystanders' aggressive tendencies towards victims. We believe that these studies have overlooked the role of social exclusion. We infer that high-severity social exclusion suppresses the negative relationship between trait empathy and bystanders' aggressive tendencies.

Effects of Attribute Affirmation and Achievement Goals on High School Students' Motivation.

Researchers have suggested that receiving attribute affirmation (AA) may increase the motivation of students to confront a challenge. However, we posited that to determine whether AA increases the motivation of students to confront a challenging task, we must consider dispositional achievement goals of the students. The participants were 171 junior-high-school students, randomly assigned to an AA or no affirmation condition.

Contingencies of Self-Worth on Positive and Negative Events and Their Relationships to Depression.

Previous studies have found that the relationship between contingencies of self-worth (CSW) and depression was generally weak. We posited that this is partly because previous studies assumed CSW on positive and negative events as the same construct (one-dimensional CSW), which should be better conceptualized as two distinctive dimensions (two-dimensional CSW) in explaining depression. A total of 393 undergraduates from Taiwan completed the measures regarding one-dimensional CSW, two-dimensional CSW, and depression.

Effects of Creative Thinking and Its Personality Determinants on Negative Emotion Regulation.

This study investigated the relationship between creativity and negative emotion, and the effects of integrating creative insight into the reappraisal process on negative emotions. In Study 1, participants' creativity and baseline anxiety levels were measured; then anxiety was induced, and anxiety levels were reassessed. In Study 2, participants wrote about past negative events and then completed the positive and negative affect schedule.

Synthesis of Multibranched Gold Nanoechinus Using a Gemini Cationic Surfactant and Its Application for Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering.

High-yield multibranched Au nanoechinus possessing lengthy and dense branched nanorods on the surface were synthesized using a seed-mediated surfactant-directed approach in the presence of gemini cationic surfactant N,N,N'N'-tetramethyl-N,N'-ditetradecylethane-1,2-diaminium bromide (C14C2C14Br2), HAuCl4, AgNO3, and ascorbic acid. C14C2C14Br2 surfactant provides a versatile template in designing the unique morphology of Au nanoechinus with the assistance of AgNO3. UV-vis spectroscopic analysis proves that Au nanoechinus possess a unique intense broad localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak, which extends from 400 to 1700 nm in the NIR region making a highly potential platform for biomedical applications.

Transcriptome analysis reveals translational regulation in barley microspore-derived embryogenic callus under salt stress.

Transcriptome analysis of barley embryogenic callus from isolated microspore culture under salt stress uncovered a role of translation inhibition and selective activation of stress-specific proteins in cellular defense. Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses which constrains the plant growth and reduces the productivity of field crops. In this study, it was observed that the salt stress in barley isolated microspore culture impacted not only on the quantity of embryogenic callus but also on the quality for later differentiation.

Evaluating arguments during instigations of defence motivation and accuracy motivation.

When people evaluate the strength of an argument, their motivations are likely to influence the evaluation. However, few studies have specifically investigated the influences of motivational factors on argument evaluation. This study examined the effects of defence and accuracy motivations on argument evaluation.

Do incompatible arguments cause extensive processing in the evaluation of arguments? The role of congruence between argument compatibility and argument quality.

Previous studies have demonstrated that arguments incompatible with prior beliefs are subjected to more extensive refutational processing, scrutinized longer, and judged to be weaker than arguments compatible with prior beliefs. However, this study suggests whether extensive processing is implemented when evaluating arguments is not decided by argument compatibility, but by congruence between two evaluating tendencies elicited by both argument compatibility and argument quality. Consistent with this perspective, the results of two experiments show that relative to congruent arguments, participants judged arguments eliciting incongruent evaluating tendencies as less extreme in strength, spent more time, and felt more hesitant generating strength judgments for them.

Designing multi-branched gold nanoechinus for NIR light activated dual modal photodynamic and photothermal therapy in the second biological window.

Gold nanoechinus can sensitize the formation of singlet oxygen in the first and the second near-infra red (NIR) biological windows and exert in vivo dual modal photodynamic and photothermal therapeutic effects (PDT and PTT) to destruct the tumors completely. This is the first literature example of the destruction of tumors in NIR window II induced by dual modal nanomaterial-mediated photodynamic and photothermal therapy (NmPDT & NmPTT).

Oxalic acid mineralization by electrochemical oxidation processes.

In this study, two electrochemical oxidation processes were utilized to mineralize oxalic acid which was a major intermediate compound in the oxidation of phenols and other aromatic compounds. The anode rod and cathode net were made of a titanium coated with RuO(2)/IrO(2) (Ti-DSA) and stainless steel (S.S.

[Determination of ursolic acid in herba of Verbena officinalis by HPLC].

Objective: To establish a HPLC method for determination of ursolic acid in dried aerial part of Verbena officinalis.

Method: The column used was a Kromasil C18 (4.6 mm x 250 mm) packed with a 5 microns stationary phase.