SGLT2 Inhibitor Canagliflozin Alleviates High Glucose-Induced Inflammatory Toxicity in BV-2 Microglia.

Patients with diabetes mellitus can experience hyperglycemia, which affects brain function and produces cognitive impairment or neurodegeneration. Neuroinflammation is an important cause of cognitive dysfunction. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are antihyperglycemic agents that reportedly possess anti-inflammatory properties and may produce beneficial cognitive effects.

Pharmacological, non-invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for treating depression after stroke.

Background: Depression is an important morbidity associated with stroke that impacts on recovery, yet is often undetected or inadequately treated.

Objectives: To evaluate the benefits and harms of pharmacological intervention, non-invasive brain stimulation, psychological therapy, or combinations of these to treat depression after stroke.

Search Methods: This is a living systematic review.

Static postural stability and neuropsychological performance after awakening from REM and NREM sleep in patients with chronic insomnia: a randomized, crossover, overnight polysomnography study.

Study Objectives: Chronic insomnia disorder (CID) is a common sleep disorder, with a prevalence ranging from 6%-10% worldwide. Individuals with CID experience more fragmented sleep than healthy control patients do. They awaken frequently during the night and have a higher risk of injury from falling.

Non-rapid eye movement sleep instability in adults with epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cyclic alternating pattern.

Study Objectives: Epilepsy is characterized by disrupted sleep architecture. Studies on sleep macro- and microstructure revealed that patients with epilepsy experience disturbed rapid eye movement (REM) sleep; however, no consensus has been reached on non-REM (NREM) sleep changes. Cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) is a marker of sleep instability that occurs only during NREM sleep.

Rapid eye movement sleep reduction in patients with epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Compared to healthy controls, adults with epilepsy have a disrupted sleep architecture. Changes in sleep macrostructure may be associated with the refractoriness of epilepsy. However, there is no consensus regarding the changes in sleep architecture in patients with epilepsy.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for stroke recovery.

Background: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) might theoretically reduce post-stroke disability by direct effects on the brain. This Cochrane Review was first published in 2012 and last updated in 2019.

Objectives: To determine if SSRIs are more effective than placebo or usual care at improving outcomes in people less than 12 months post-stroke, and to determine whether treatment with SSRIs is associated with adverse effects.

The association of changes of sleep architecture related to donepezil: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Donepezil had been recognized to have impact on sleep quality in demented patients. However, there was insufficient evidences about the actual effect of donepezil in the sleep architectures. Our meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the changes of sleep architectures related to donepezil use.

Bisphenol a Induces Autophagy Defects and AIF-Dependent Apoptosis via HO-1 and AMPK to Degenerate N2a Neurons.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an environmental contaminant widely suspected to be a neurological toxicant. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated close links between BPA exposure, pathogenetic brain degeneration, and altered neurobehaviors, considering BPA a risk factor for cognitive dysfunction. However, the mechanisms of BPA resulting in neurodegeneration remain unclear.

The influence of integrated geriatric outpatient clinics on the health care utilization of older people.

Background: The number of people aged greater than 65 years is growing in many countries. Taiwan will be a superaged society in 2026, and health care utilization will increase considerably. Our study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the geriatric integrated outpatient clinic model for reducing health care utilization by older people.

Pharmacological, psychological and non-invasive brain stimulation interventions for preventing depression after stroke.

Background: Depression is an important consequence of stroke that influences recovery yet often is not detected, or is inadequately treated. This is an update and expansion of a Cochrane Review first published in 2004 and previously updated in 2008.

Objectives: The primary objective is to test the hypothesis that pharmacological, psychological therapy, non-invasive brain stimulation, or combinations of these interventions reduce the incidence of diagnosable depression after stroke.

Pharmacological, psychological, and non-invasive brain stimulation interventions for treating depression after stroke.

Background: Depression is an important morbidity associated with stroke that impacts on recovery yet often undetected or inadequately treated. This is an update and expansion of a Cochrane Review first published in 2004 and updated in 2008.

Objectives: Primary objective • To determine whether pharmacological therapy, non-invasive brain stimulation, psychological therapy, or combinations of these interventions reduce the prevalence of diagnosable depression after stroke Secondary objectives • To determine whether pharmacological therapy, non-invasive brain stimulation, psychological therapy, or combinations of these interventions reduce levels of depressive symptoms, improve physical and neurological function and health-related quality of life, and reduce dependency after stroke • To assess the safety of and adherence to such treatments SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Specialised Registers of Cochrane Stroke and Cochrane Depression Anxiety and Neurosis (last searched August 2018), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2018, Issue 1), in the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE (1966 to August 2018), Embase (1980 to August 2018), the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Alllied Health Literature (CINAHL) (1982 to August 2018), PsycINFO (1967 to August 2018), and Web of Science (2002 to August 2018).

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for stroke recovery.

Background: Stroke is a major cause of adult disability. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been used for many years to manage depression and other mood disorders after stroke. The 2012 Cochrane Review of SSRIs for stroke recovery demonstrated positive effects on recovery, even in people who were not depressed at randomisation.

Fluoxetine for stroke recovery: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Objective: To determine whether fluoxetine, at any dose, given within the first year after stroke to patients who did not have to have mood disorders at randomization reduced disability, dependency, neurological deficits and fatigue; improved motor function, mood, and cognition at the end of treatment and follow-up, with the same number or fewer adverse effects.

Methods: Searches (from 2012) in July 2018 included databases, trials registers, reference lists, and contact with experts. Co-primary outcomes were dependence and disability.

Acute glucose fluctuation impacts microglial activity, leading to inflammatory activation or self-degradation.

Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's dementia and cognitive decline. The cause of neurodegeneration in chronic diabetic patients remains unclear. Changes in brain microglial activity due to glycemic fluctuations may be an etiological factor.

Narcolepsy and 2009 H1N1 pandemic vaccination in Taiwan.

Background: Several European countries have observed an association between narcolepsy and H1N1 vaccines containing AS03® adjuvant in children/adolescents. In Taiwan, a nationwide campaign starting November 2009 administered H1N1 vaccines without adjuvant or with MF59® adjuvant to 67% of children and 12% of adults.

Methods: For those registered in the 2000-2012 National Health Insurance (NHI) databases, we compared age-stratified (0-4, 5-18, 19-59, and ≥60 years) incidence of first referral for a diagnostic MSLT for the pre-pandemic, pandemic/pre-vaccination, and vaccination/post-pandemic period.

Obstructive sleep apnea and cerebral white matter change: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can cause sleep fragmentation and intermittent hypoxemia, which are linked to oxidative stress. White matter changes (WMCs) representing cerebrovascular burden and are at risk factor for oxidative ischemic injury. The current study explores the mutual relationships between OSA and WMCs.

Basal sympathetic predominance in periodic limb movements in sleep after continuous positive airway pressure.

Purpose: This study investigated the basal autonomic regulation in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) showing periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) emerging after therapy with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).

Methods: Data of patients with OSA undergoing a first polysomnography for diagnosis and a second polysomnography for therapy with CPAP were reviewed. Patients with OSA showing PLMS on the first polysomnography were excluded.

Traumatic Thoracic Burst Fracture Associated with Bronchial Rupture.

Background: Rupture of, or injury to, the tracheobronchial tree is a rare occurrence in blunt chest trauma.

Case Report: We present a case of bronchial rupture caused by fragmented bone from a spinal burst fracture after blunt chest trauma. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Although tracheobronchial injury is infrequent, clinicians should be aware of this possible complication after blunt chest trauma.

Self-Reported Napping Behavior Change After Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Treatment in Older Adults with Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Objectives: To assess the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on napping behavior in adults aged 60 and older with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS).

Design: Retrospective cohort study using questionnaires.

Setting: Sleep center.

Clinical Significance of Community- and Healthcare-Acquired Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Isolates.

This study was conducted to investigate the clinical significance, manifestations, microbiological characteristics and outcomes of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) isolates, and compare the clinical features of community- and healthcare-acquired CRE isolates. A total of 78 patients were identified to have CRE. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most common pathogens (n = 42, 53.