Triptolide Attenuates Renal Slit Diagram to Tight Junction Transition in Diabetic Kidney Disease by Regulating Nrf2-Ferroptosis Pathway.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a prominent etiological factor underlying the onset of end-stage kidney disease, which is characterized by the presence of microalbuminuria. Recent studies have found that high glucose can induce mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis in podocytes, leading to renal impairment and proteinuria. Triptolide was extracted from traditional Chinese medicine Hook F.

Dual-Functional Fluorescent Probe in the Diagnosis of Liver Injury and the Evaluation of Drug Therapy with Double Signal Amplification.

Viscosity and polarity are crucial microenvironmental parameters within cells, intimately linked to the physiological activities of organisms. We constructed and synthesized an innovative dual-functional fluorescent probe, DHBP. In the green channel, the fluorescence signal notably intensifies with decreasing environmental polarity, while in the red channel, fluorescence signal amplification occurs due to the collaborative effects of viscosity and polarity, resulting in more pronounced changes.

Unveiling Cellular Microenvironments with a Near-Infrared Fluorescent Sensor: A Dual-Edge Tool for Cancer Detection and Drug Screening.

Mitochondria and lysosomes are pivotal intracellular organelles, and the injury or dysfunction of these organelles can trigger a range of pathological processes. Early diagnosis and treatment of cancer are of paramount importance due to cancer's status as a leading health threat. This study introduces a novel fluorescent probe, , for detecting mitochondrial and lysosomal viscosity and pH abnormalities in tumors, facilitating early cancer detection and screening of anticancer drugs.

Molecular cloning and characterization of BNIP3 and NIX1/2 and their role in DHA-induced mitophagy and apoptosis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) adipocytes.

B-cell lymphoma-2 and adenovirus E1B 19-kDa-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) and BNIP3 like (BNIP3L or NIX) play a vital role in regulating mitophagy and the intrinsic apoptosis in mammals, but their gene characterizations remain unclear in fish. Herein, bnip3, nix1 and nix2 were isolated and characterized from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), which encode peptides of 194, 233 and 222 amino acids, respectively. As typical BH3-only proteins, grass carp BNIP3, NIX1 and NIX2 proteins contain BH3 and C-terminal transmembrane domains for inducing apoptosis.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) inhibits abdominal fat accumulation by promoting adipocyte apoptosis through PPARγ-LC3-BNIP3 pathway-mediated mitophagy.

Obesity has always been an overwhelming health concern worldwide. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) reduces abdominal fat accumulation by inducing adipocyte apoptosis, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Mitophagy, the process of maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, has a double-edged sword effect that positively or negatively regulates apoptosis.

Multicolored inorganic electrochromic materials: status, challenge, and prospects.

Against the backdrop of advocacy for green and low-carbon development, electrochromism has attracted academic and industrial attention as an intelligent and energy-saving applied technology due to its optical switching behavior and its special principles of operation. Inorganic electrochromic materials, represented by transition metal oxides, are considered candidates for the next generation of large-scale electrochromic applied technologies due to their excellent stability. However, the limited color diversity and low color purity of these materials greatly restrict their development.

Selective Electrochromic Regulation for Near-Infrared and Visible Light via Porous Tungsten Oxide Films with Core/Shell Architecture.

Dual-band electrochromic smart windows have become a research hotspot owing to their unique ability to selectively control near-infrared (NIR) and visible (VIS) light. However, the design and exploitation of dual-band electrochromic films are still an extreme challenge due to the scarcity of relevant high-performance materials. To solve this issue, we here proposed a type of porous WO film with nanowires/nanoparticles core/shell architecture as a promising candidate, endowing smart windows with a dual-band electrochromic feature.

DHA induces adipocyte lipolysis through endoplasmic reticulum stress and the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway in grass carp ().

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a biologically active fatty acid that reduces the accumulation of lipids. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this process, particularly in fish, is not well understood. Recent studies show that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress triggers the activation of the unfolded protein response, which has been revealed to play an essential role in lipid metabolism.

The endoplasmic reticulum stress and B cell lymphoma-2 related ovarian killer participate in docosahexaenoic acid-induced adipocyte apoptosis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus).

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) lessens adipose tissue lipid deposition partly by inducing adipocyte apoptosis in grass carp, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) is the novel pathway for inducing apoptosis. This study aimed to explore the potential role of ER stress in DHA-induced apoptosis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) adipocytes.

PKA/ATGL signaling pathway is involved in ER stress-mediated lipolysis in adipocytes of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).

The relationship between endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) and lipolysis in mammals has been widely studied, but it is relatively scarce in fish. The present study used grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella as a model to investigate the effect of ER stress on lipolysis in adipocytes of fish. We found that ER stress evoked by tunicamycin (TM) treatment significantly induced lipolysis in adipocytes.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress is involved in lipid accumulation induced by oleic acid in adipocytes of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella): focusing on the transcriptional level.

It has been extensively claimed that endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) is related to lipid accumulation in mammals, but little is known in fish. This study aims at elucidating the role of ER stress in mediating lipid accumulation induced by monounsaturated oleic acid (OA) with a focus on the transcriptional level. We treated the adipocytes of grass carp with 200 μM and 400 μM OA, respectively, while the control group was treated with 2% bovine serum albumin (BSA).

Docosahexaenoic acid lessens hepatic lipid accumulation and inflammation the AMP-activated protein kinase and endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathways in grass carp ().

The liver is the primary organ for frontline immune defense and lipid metabolism. Excessive lipid accumulation in the liver severely affects its metabolic homeostasis and causes metabolic diseases. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is known for its beneficial effects on lipid metabolism and anti-inflammation, but its molecular mechanism remains unknown, especially in fish.

ATF6-DGAT pathway is involved in TLR7-induced innate immune response in Ctenopharyngodon idellus kidney cells.

DGAT1 and DGAT2 are two acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase (DGAT) enzymes that catalyze the final step in triglyceride (TG) synthesis. TGs are the primary constituents of lipid droplets (LDs). Although it has been demonstrated that LDs modulate immune and inflammatory responses in CIK cells, little is known about whether DGAT1 and DGAT2 involve in this process.

Perilipin 1-3 in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella: molecular characterization, gene structure, tissue distribution, and mRNA expression in DHA-induced lipid droplet formation in adipocytes.

Perilipin family is the main structural proteins of lipid droplet (LD) that is intracellular neutral lipid store ponds, and regulates LD assembly and formation, and is crucial for lipid metabolism. Here three paralogs of perilipin family were characterized from grass carp and their complete coding sequences (CDS) were obtained, including perilipin1, perilipin2, and perilipin3, coding peptides of 492, 454, and 419 amino acids, respectively. The alignment of the homology of grass carp perilipin deduced amino acid sequences with other teleost species showed that the homology with mammalian was less than 55%.

cAMP-dependent protein kinase A in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella: Molecular characterization, gene structure, tissue distribution and mRNA expression in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced adipocyte lipolysis.

Protein kinase A (PKA), one of the most widely studied protein kinases, has many functions in cells, including regulating the metabolism of sugar and lipid. Here we identified nine isoforms of the PKA family in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella and obtained their complete coding sequences (CDS), including PRKACAa, PRKACAb, PRKACBa, PRKACBb, PRKAR1A, PRKAR1B, PRKAR2Aa, PRKAR2Ab and PRKAR2B, and PRKACA, PRKACB and PRKAR2A, which may experience fish-specific genome duplication. Sequence analysis showed that the predicted protein structures of PKA gene family members in grass carp were different.

Nuclear factor-κB subunit p65 is involved in lipopolysaccharide-induced lipid accumulation via regulating DGAT1b in Ctenopharyngodon idellus kidney cells.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can promote the accumulation of triglycerides (TGs) in CIK (Ctenopharyngodon idellus kidney) cells, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. In this study, two genes involved TG synthesis, DGAT1a and DGAT1b, were isolated and characterized from grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella, which encode peptides of 498 and 501 amino acids, respectively. Phylogenetic and synteny analyses indicated that DGAT1a and DGAT1b could have originated from the teleost-specific genome duplication event.

Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella): Synteny, structure, tissue distribution and expression in oleic acid (OA)-induced adipocytes and hepatocytes.

Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) plays a crucial role in regulating lipid metabolism, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis in mammals, however, its gene structure and function is little known about in fish. Here, its two paralogs, grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) GSK-3β1 and GSK-3β2 were isolated and characterized, encoding peptides of 421 and 457 amino acids, respectively. These two paralogs may have originated from the teleost-specific genome duplication (TSGD) event.

Greater potency of adipocytes compared with preadipocytes under lipopolysaccharide exposure in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella.

Excessive body fat is a chronic inflammatory disorder. In this process, white adipose tissue (WAT) performs immune activities because of the dysregulated expression of adipokines. Excessive fat is accumulated in farmed fish, thereby threatening fish health.