Walking hand in hand: The role of affection-sharing in understanding the social network effect in same-sex, mixed-sex, and gender-diverse relationships.

Individuals who perceive greater support or approval for their relationships from friends and family also report greater relationship stability and commitment and better mental and physical health (known as the "social network effect"). These associations have been explained, in part, through three cognitive-affective processes: uncertainty reduction, cognitive balance, and dyadic identity formation. However, we know less about cognitive- mechanisms that might help explain the social network effect.

Short- and long-term memory tasks predict working memory performance, and vice versa.

The Brown-Peterson, operation span, and continual distractor tasks all require people to retain information while performing a distractor task. Scale Independent Memory, Perception, and Learning (SIMPLE), a local relative distinctiveness model, has been fit to aspects of each task and offers the same explanation for each: the distractor task serves to space the items out in time and memory performance depends on the relative distinctiveness of the target item at the time of recall. If this is correct, it follows that performance on all three tasks should correlate, even though the tasks have, at various times, been ascribed to different memory systems, short-term memory, working memory, and long-term memory, respectively.

Dpp/BMP2-4 Mediates Signaling from the D-Quadrant Organizer in a Spiralian Embryo.

In some animal groups, the secondary embryonic axis is patterned by a small group of cells, often called an organizer, that signals to other cells to establish the correct pattern of cell fates. The Dpp/BMP2-4 pathway plays a central role in secondary axis patterning in many animals [1-11], but it has not been examined during early axial patterning in spiralian embryogenesis. This is a deeply conserved mode of development found in mollusks, annelids, nemerteans, entoprocts, and some marine platyhelminth groups (reviewed in [12, 13]).