The Scanning CONfoCal Ophthalmoscopy foR DIAbetic eye screening (CONCORDIA) study paper 1.

Objective: This project was to determine the performance of the Zeiss Clarus 700 (Clarus) and the Optos California (Optos) with staged mydriasis in a Diabetic Eye Screening Programme (DESP).

Methods: Trial participants were recruited from people attending appointments in DESP or Virtual Eye clinics for delayed hospital appointments. Non-mydriatic photographs from the Clarus and Optos cameras were compared to 2-field 45 degrees mydriatic digital photography (the reference standard) and mydriatic photographs compared if the non-mydriatic photos were unassessable (staged mydriasis).

Factors determining uptake of diabetic retinopathy screening in Oxfordshire.

Aims: To investigate variables at the demographic and primary care practice levels that influence the uptake of diabetic retinopathy screening.

Methods: Data were extracted from the management software of one screening programme for 21 797 people registered with 79 general practices. Uptake was examined by gender, age group, modality of screening (mobile unit at general practice versus high-street optometrist), and by general practice.

Updating diabetic retinopathy screening lists using automatic extraction from GP patient records.

Objectives: Diabetic Retinopathy screening services aim to reduce the risk of sight loss amongst patients with diabetes. The rising incidence of diabetes in England and the operational need to ensure the accuracy and timeliness of screening lists led to a pilot study of electronic extraction of data from primary care. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of updating the single collated list of patients eligible for diabetic eye screening using extracts from electronic patient records in primary care.

The influence of background diabetic retinopathy in the second eye on rates of progression of diabetic retinopathy between 2005 and 2010.

Purpose: The Gloucestershire Diabetic Eye Screening Programme offers annual digital photographic screening for diabetic retinopathy to a countywide population of people with diabetes. This study was designed to investigate progression of diabetic retinopathy in this programme of the English NHS Diabetic Eye Screening Programme.

Methods: Mydriatic digital retinal photographs of people with diabetes screened on at least 2 occasions between 2005 and 2010 were graded and included in this study if the classification at first screening was no DR (R0), background DR in one (R1a) or both eyes (R1b).

[The implementation of decentralized health systems: a comparative study of five cases in Bahia, Brazil].

Understanding the effects of health decentralization policies in Brazil requires different methodological approaches to capture the issue's complexity from distinct angles. Five case studies were thus performed to evaluate the degree of implementation of components related to decentralization of the health system management in selected municipalities (counties) in Bahia State, Brazil. A logical model was elaborated with definitions related to policy goals.

Mild hyperlactatemia in stable septic patients is due to impaired lactate clearance rather than overproduction.

A prospective study was conducted on 34 stable septic patients to determine whether mild hyperlactatemia is a marker of lactate overproduction or an indicator of lactate underutilization during sepsis. Plasma lactate clearance and lactate production were evaluated by modeling the lactate kinetic induced by an infusion of 1 mmol/kg L-lactate over 15 min. The patients were divided in two groups depending on their blood lactate: < or = 1.

General practice on a new housing estate. 1956.

An analysis has been carried out of the records kept for the year 1953 by six doctors practising on a new housing estate near London. The population of the estate is described in terms of age, sex, and social class. 76 per cent.

Effect of sodium bicarbonate on intracellular pH under different buffering conditions.

Previous in vitro studies have reported a paradoxical exacerbation of intracellular acidosis following bicarbonate therapy due to the generated CO2 entering the cytoplasm. However, these studies were conducted in nonphysiological Hepes-buffered media. We compared the effect of a sodium bicarbonate load on the intracellular pH (pHi) of hepatocytes placed in nonbicarbonate (NBBS) or bicarbonate (BBS) buffering systems.

Effects of two volatile anesthetics (sevoflurane and halothane) on the hypothalamic noradrenaline release in rat brain.

There are marked increases in noradrenaline (NA) release during emergence from general anesthesia induced with volatile anesthestics. These changes in NA in the posterior hypothalamus of the rat were assessed by intracranial microdialysis. Sevoflurane and halothane in equipotent concentrations were used to obtain the same depth of anesthesia.

[Transvascular fluid exchange disturbed by capillary injuries].

Fluid exchange disorders due to capillary lesions are numerous and their extent depends on the underlying disease as well as the capillary structure of the affected organ. The inflammatory cascade, triggered by sepsis or reperfusion injury, is mediated by several humoral mediators and activated blood cells. These include pro-inflammatory cytokines, arachidonic acid, proteases, oxygen free radicals, polymorphonuclears, procoagulant, complement and fibrinolytic system.

Vigorous exercise in leisure-time: protection against coronary heart disease.

1138 first clinical episodes of coronary heart disease (CHD) in 17 944 middle-aged male office workers in the Civil Service are reported. Men who engaged in vigorous sports, keep-fit, and the like during an initial survey in 1968-70 had an incidence of CHD in the next 8 1/2 years somewhat less than half that of their colleagues who recorded no vigorous exercise. The CHD rates of men who took such vigorous exercise were lower in both fatal and non-fatal clinical manifestations, though more so in fatal; throughout the age-range studied, though more striking in later middle age and early old age; and in all other sub-groups examined, including men with a family history of CHD, the obese, the short of stature, cigarette smokers, and men with severe hypertension and subclinical angina, as well as in those in favourable situations for CHD or neutral.

Vigorous exercise in leisure time and the death rate: a study of male civil servants.

In 1968-70, 17,944 middle-aged male executive grade civil servants in Great Britain provided a record of their leisure-time activities for two sample days and they have been followed until the end of 1977. In a 20% sample (3591 men), 268 have died. Men who had reported "vigorous exercise" (VE) during the two days suffered fewer deaths from coronary heart disease throughout the years 1968-77; there was no significant difference in mortality from other causes.