Chondroitin Sulfate from Waste Reduces Leukocyte Influx in an Acute Peritonitis Model.

(tilapia) is one of the most cultivated fish species worldwide. Tilapia farming generates organic waste from fish removal processes in nurseries. Visceral waste can damage natural ecosystems.

Chemical Modification of Glycosaminoglycan Polysaccharides.

The linear anionic class of polysaccharides, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), are critical throughout the animal kingdom for developmental processes and the maintenance of healthy tissues. They are also of interest as a means of influencing biochemical processes. One member of the GAG family, heparin, is exploited globally as a major anticoagulant pharmaceutical and there is a growing interest in the potential of other GAGs for diverse applications ranging from skin care to the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions, and from the treatment and prevention of microbial infection to biotechnology.

Chondroitin sulfate from fish waste exhibits strong intracellular antioxidant potential.

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a type of glycosaminoglycan described as an antioxidant molecule that has been found in animal species such as fish. Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) represents an eco-friendly source of this compound, since its economical processing generates usable waste, reducing the negative environmental impact. This waste was used for CS extraction, purification, characterization by enzymatic degradation, and evaluation of its antioxidant effect.

In Vitro Antitumor Potential of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Seaweed Caulerpa cupressoides var. flabellata.

Seaweeds are important source of bioactive compounds, including sulfated polysaccharides (SP). Because of their structural heterogeneity, these compounds are promising sources of anticancer compounds. SP from brown and red seaweeds have shown antimelanoma activity in different in vitro and in vivo models.

In vitro antitumor and anti-angiogenic activities of a shrimp chondroitin sulfate.

Thrombin triggers cellular responses that are crucial for development and progression of cancer, such as proliferation, migration, oncogene expression and angiogenesis. Thus, biomolecules capable of inhibiting this protease have become targets in cancer research. The present work describes the in vitro antitumor properties of a chondroitin sulfate with anti-thrombin activity, isolated from the Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp (sCS).

A further unique chondroitin sulfate from the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei with antithrombin activity that modulates acute inflammation.

The detailed structure of a further Chondroitin Sulfate from Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp (sCS) is described. The backbone structure was established by H/C NMR, which identified 3-O-sulfated GlcA, 4-O-sulfated GalNAc, 6-O-sulfated GalNAc, and 4,6-di-O-sulfated GalNAc residues. GlcA is linked to GalNAc 4,6 di S and GlcA 3S is linked to GalNAc 4S, GalNAc 4,6 di-S and GalNAc6S residues.

Anti-IIa activity and antitumor properties of a hybrid heparin/heparan sulfate-like compound from Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp.

In this present study, the anti-IIa activity and the antitumor properties of a hybrid heparin/heparan sulfate-like compound (sH/HS) from Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp heads are related. In addition to inhibiting 90.7% of thrombin activity at the lowest tested concentration (0.

Structural characterization of blackberry wine polysaccharides and immunomodulatory effects on LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages.

Three polysaccharide fractions were isolated from blackberry wine. The crude extract BWPs was obtained with ethanol precipitation and freeze-thawing process, it was then submitted to Fehling treatment, giving soluble BWPFs and insoluble BWPFp fractions. These fractions were characterized by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR).

Structural characterization of polysaccharides from Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon Blanc wines: Anti-inflammatory activity in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.

The structural characterization of the polysaccharides and in vitro anti-inflammatory properties of Cabernet Franc (WCF), Cabernet Sauvignon (WCS) and Sauvignon Blanc (WSB) wines were studied for the first time in this work. The polysaccharides of wines gave rise to three fractions of polysaccharides, namely (WCF) 0.16%, (WCS) 0.

2,3-Di-O-sulfo glucuronic acid: An unmodified and unusual residue in a highly sulfated chondroitin sulfate from Litopenaeus vannamei.

The occurrence of a natural and unmodified highly sulfated chondroitin sulfate from Litopenaeus vannamei heads (sCS) is herein reported. Its partial digestion by Chondroitinases AC and ABC together with its electrophoretic migration profile revealed it as a highly sulfated chondroitin sulfate despite its average molecular weight being similar to CSA. Using orthogonal 1D/2D NMR experiments, the anomeric signals (δ 4.

Insights into the role of 3-O-sulfotransferase in heparan sulfate biosynthesis.

3-O-Sulfotransferase enzyme (sHS) from Litopenaeus vannamei was cloned and its substrate specificity was investigated against a number of GAG structures, including modified heparin polysaccharides and model oligosaccharides. For the heparin polysaccharides, derived from porcine intestinal mucosa heparin, sulfate groups were incorporated into glucosamine residues containing both N-sulfated and N-acetylated substitution within the regions of the predominant repeating disaccharide, either I-A or I-A. However, the resulting polysaccharides did not stabilize antithrombin, which is correlated with anticoagulant activity.

"In-House" Production of Single Stranded Oligodeoxyribonucleotides.

The most widely used technique for the production of DNA aptamers/oligonucleotides is chemical synthesis. Despite its effectiveness, this technique cannot be performed "in house", making the user fully dependent on a supplier. In this work, we present a simplified method by which it is possible to enzymatically produce DNA aptamers "in house".

Analysis of new isolates reveals new genome organization and a hypervariable region in infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV).

Infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) has been the cause of many losses in shrimp farming since 2002, when the first myonecrosis outbreak was reported at Brazilian's northeast coast. Two additional genomes of Brazilian IMNV isolates collected in 2009 and 2013 were sequenced and analyzed in the present study. The sequencing revealed extra 643 bp and 22 bp, at 5' and 3' ends of IMNV genome respectively, confirming that its actual size is at least 8226 bp long.

Heparin fails to inhibit the leukocyte recruitment for an extended time following inflammatory stimulus.

Context: Several studies have shown that heparin is able to inhibit leukocyte recruitment during an early acute inflammatory response. However, considering the pharmacokinetic aspects of heparin and the dynamics of inflammation our objective was to determine if heparin is able to retain its antimigratory property during a prolonged inflammatory response.

Objective: Compare the effect of heparin on leukocyte recruitment to the peritoneal cavity during early acute inflammatory response and for a longer time post-inflammatory stimulus.

A heparin-like glycosaminoglycan from shrimp containing high levels of 3-O-sulfated D-glucosamine groups in an unusual trisaccharide sequence.

The detailed characterization of a novel heparin-like glycosaminoglycan purified from the viscera (heads) of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei is reported. Structural analysis performed by mono- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy revealed it to be rich in both glucuronic acid and N,6-sulfated glucosamine residues. The key peculiarities were its high 3-O-sulfated glucosamine content compared to mammalian heparins; a residue which is usually associated with the antithrombin (AT) binding site, and the location of these residues within 2-O-sulfated iduronate and glucuronate-containing sequences (I2S-A(∗)-G), a situation not found in mammalian heparin.

A non-hemorrhagic hybrid heparin/heparan sulfate with anticoagulant potential.

The structural characterization and the anticoagulant potential of a novel heparin/heparan sulfate-like compound from the heads of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp are described. While it is distinct from either heparin or heparan sulfate, enzymatic depolymerization and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analyses revealed that this molecule does share some structural features with heparin, such as the high degree of N- and 6-O-sulfation and minor N-acetylation, and with heparan sulfate, in the glucuronic acid content. Its ability to stabilize human antithrombin explains its significant anticoagulant activity in aPTT and Factor-Xa inhibition assays.

A heparin-like compound isolated from a marine crab rich in glucuronic acid 2-O-sulfate presents low anticoagulant activity.

A natural heparin-like compound isolated from the crab Goniopsis cruentata was structurally characterized and its anticoagulant and hemorrhagic activities were determined. Enzymatic and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis revealed that its structure is rich in disulfated disaccharides, possessing significant amounts of 2-O-sulfated-β-D-glucuronic acid units. Furthermore, low amounts of trisulfated disaccharide units containing 2-O-sulfated-α-L-iduronic acid were detected, when compared to mammalian heparin.

A heparin mimetic isolated from a marine shrimp suppresses neovascularization.

Background:  Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is the main cause of severe visual loss in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Heparin/heparan sulfate are known to play important roles in neovascularization due to their abilities to bind and modulate angiogenic growth factors and cytokines. Previously, we have isolated from marine shrimp a heparin-like compound with striking anti-inflammatory action and negligible anticoagulant and hemorrhagic activities.

Sulfated galactofucan from Lobophora variegata: anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Sulfated polysaccharides (fucans and fucoidans) from brown algae show several biological activities, including anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory activities. We have extracted a sulfated heterofucan from the brown seaweed Lobophora variegata by proteolytic digestion, followed by acetone fractionation, molecular sieving, and ion-exchange chromatography. Chemical analyses and 13C-NMR and IR spectroscopy showed that this fucoidan is composed of fucose, galactose, and sulfate at molar ratios of 1 : 3 : 2.

Anti-inflammatory properties of a heparin-like glycosaminoglycan with reduced anti-coagulant activity isolated from a marine shrimp.

The anti-inflammatory properties of a heparin-like compound from the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei are related. Besides reducing significantly (p<0.001) the influx of inflammatory cells to injury site in a model of acute inflammation, shrimp heparin-like compound was able to reduce the matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) activity in the peritoneal lavage of inflamed animals.

Partial characterization and anticoagulant activity of a heterofucan from the brown seaweed Padina gymnospora.

The brown algae Padina gymnospora contain different fucans. Powdered algae were submitted to proteolysis with the proteolytic enzyme maxataze. The first extract of the algae was constituted of polysaccharides contaminated with lipids, phenols, etc.

Development of new heparin-like compounds and other antithrombotic drugs and their interaction with vascular endothelial cells.

The anticlotting and antithrombotic activities of heparin, heparan sulfate, low molecular weight heparins, heparin and heparin-like compounds from various sources used in clinical practice or under development are briefly reviewed. Heparin isolated from shrimp mimics the pharmacological activities of low molecular weight heparins. A heparan sulfate from Artemia franciscana and a dermatan sulfate from tuna fish show a potent heparin cofactor II activity.

A novel heparan sulphate with high degree of N-sulphation and high heparin cofactor-II activity from the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana.

With the aid of heparinase and heparitinases from Flavobacterium heparinum and 13C and IH NMR spectroscopy it was shown that the heparan sulphate isolated from the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana exhibits structural features intermediate between those of mammalian heparins and heparan sulphates. These include an unusually high degree of N-sulphation (with corresponding very low degree of N-acetylation), a relatively high content of iduronic acid residues (both unsulphated and 2-O-sulphated) and a relatively low degree of 6-O-sulphation of the glucosamine residues. The major sequences (glucuronic acid-->N-sulphated glucosamine and glucuronic acid-->N, 6-disulphated glucosamine) are most probably arranged in blocks.

New insights on the specificity of heparin and heparan sulfate lyases from Flavobacterium heparinum revealed by the use of synthetic derivatives of K5 polysaccharide from E. coli and 2-O-desulfated heparin.

The capsular polysaccharide from E. Coli, strain K5 composed of ..

Structural features and anticoagulant activities of a novel natural low molecular weight heparin from the shrimp Penaeus brasiliensis.

A natural low molecular weight heparin (8.5 kDa), with an anticoagulant activity of 95 IU/mg by the USP assay, was isolated from the shrimp Penaeus brasiliensis. The crustacean heparin was susceptible to both heparinase and heparitinase II from Flavobacterium heparinum forming tri- and di-sulfated disaccharides as the mammalian heparins.