Disaggregating within- and between-person associations to test the aversive transmission of alcohol use in late adolescence through adulthood.

Objective: The theory of aversive transmission posits that children of parents who have an alcohol use disorder (AUD) may abstain or limit their own alcohol use because they believe themselves to be at risk of developing problems with alcohol. The present study examined relationships among parental AUD, perceived parental AUD, perceived risk for AUD, addiction avoidance reasons for limiting alcohol use, and alcohol use using a random intercept cross-lagged panel model.

Method: Participants ( = 805; 48% female; 28% Latinx) were from a longitudinal study investigating intergenerational transmission of AUD.

Understanding alcohol use and alcohol use disorders from a developmental psychopathology perspective: Research advances, challenges, and future directions.

As part of the special issue of honoring the remarkable contributions of Dr Dante Cicchetti, the current paper attempts to describe the recent contributions that a developmental psychopathology perspective has made in understanding the development of alcohol use and alcohol-related problems over the lifespan. The paper also identifies some of the future challenges and research directions. Because the scope of this task far exceeds the confines of a journal length article this paper does not attempt a comprehensive review.

Longitudinal Relations Among Parental Substance Use Disorder and Adolescent Drinking Behavior: The Role of Temperament, Negative Urgency, and Maternal Parenting.

Research suggests that parental substance use disorder is associated with adolescent drinking indirectly through negative urgency, a form of impulsivity that is particularly associated with high-risk drinking. Moreover, childhood mechanisms of risk may play a role in this developmental chain such that childhood temperament and parenting may be mechanisms through which parental substance use disorder is associated with adolescent negative urgency and drinking behavior. Therefore, the current study tested whether parental substance use disorder was indirectly associated with adolescent drinking frequency through childhood temperament (i.

Heritable Composite Phenotypes Defined by Combinations of Conduct Problem, Depression, and Temperament Features: Contributions to risk for Alcohol Problems.

The genetic architectures underlying symptoms of conduct problems and depression have largely been examined separately and without incorporating temperament, despite evidence for their genetic overlap. We examined how symptoms and temperament dimensions were transmitted together in families to identify highly heritable composite phenotypes, and how these composite phenotypes predicted alcohol outcomes in young adulthood. Participants (N = 486) were drawn from the third generation of families oversampled for alcohol use disorder in the first generation.

Grandparent alcohol use disorder and grandparent-grandchild relationships.

Involvement of grandparents in grandchildren's lives is important for grandchild well-being. Studies suggest that the quality of relationships between grandparents and their adult children may "spill over" to the quality of their relationships with their grandchildren. However, no research has tested whether grandparent alcohol use disorder (AUD) disrupts intergenerational relationships.

Multilevel longitudinal relations among impulsive traits, positive expectancies, and binge drinking from late adolescence to adulthood: A developmental test of acquired preparedness.

Background: The Acquired Preparedness Model (APM) posits that highly impulsive individuals develop stronger positive alcohol expectancies, which in turn predicts heavier drinking. However, most acquired preparedness studies have focused solely on between-person relations, despite the theory suggesting that there are potential developmental-specific within-person relations. Thus, the current study tested the APM from late adolescence into adulthood, while disaggregating within- from between-person relations.

Parent-child separation and intergenerational transmission of substance use and disorder: Testing across three generations.

There is evidence for intergenerational transmission of substance use and disorder. However, it is unclear whether separation from a parent with substance use disorder (SUD) moderates intergenerational transmission, and no studies have tested this question across three generations. In a three-generation study of families oversampled for familial SUD, we tested whether separation between father (G1; first generation) and child (G2; second generation) moderated the effect of G1 father SUDs on G2 child SUDs.

A life span developmental investigation of marriage and problem-drinking reduction.

While prior literature has largely focused on marriage effects during young adulthood, it is less clear whether these effects are as strong in middle adulthood. Thus, we investigated age differences in marriage effects on problem-drinking reduction. We employed parallel analyses with two independent samples (analytic-sample s of 577 and 441, respectively).

A gene-environment cascade theoretical framework of developmental psychopathology.

Previous theories have emphasized genetic effects "inside the skin" via endophenotypes within the broader developmental psychopathology theory. Expanding on the mechanisms of gene-environment correlation, we propose a new integrative framework emphasizing how genetic effects "outside the skin" (Reiss & Leve, 2007) accumulate due to individual variation in social information processing in negative environments and sociocultural contexts as part of developmental cascades to psychopathology. In this gene-environment cascade theoretical framework, genetic predisposition for psychopathology, as well as stable traits and behaviors, can lead to negative environments via gene-environment correlations that can be exacerbated or buffered by an individual's social information processing.

Maturing out of alcohol and cannabis co-use: A test of patterns and personality predictors.

Objective: Reductions in substance involvement into adulthood are thought to represent a normative maturing out of substance use. However, patterns and predictors of maturing out of alcohol and cannabis co-use remain largely unstudied. Therefore, the current study tested developmental trajectories of alcohol and cannabis use from late adolescence into adulthood and whether late adolescent personality traits predicted trajectory class membership.

Multidimensional Impulsive Personality Traits Mediate the Effect of Parent Substance Use Disorder on Adolescent Alcohol and Cannabis Use.

Theory suggests that behavioral undercontrol mediates the effect of parental substance disorder on offspring substance use, but no studies have tested multidimensional impulsive personality traits as mechanisms of risk. Adolescents (N = 392; 48% female) from a multigenerational study of familial alcohol disorder self-reported impulsive personality traits via the UPPS-P (M = 16.09; Range = 13-19) and alcohol/cannabis frequency one year later.

Neural bases of risky decisions involving nicotine vapor versus monetary reward.

Substantial effort has gone into neuroimaging studies of neural mechanisms underlying addiction. Human studies of smoking typically either give monetary reward during an fMRI task or else allow subjects to smoke outside the scanner, after the session. This raises a fundamental issue of construct validity, as it is unclear whether the same neural mechanisms process decisions about nicotine that process decisions about money.

Do Alcohol Consequences Serve as Teachable Moments? A Test of Between- and Within-Person Reciprocal Effects From College Age to Adulthood.

Objective: Several studies find between-person reciprocal relations between adolescent/college drinking and positive expectancies. However, drinking and expectancies from college into adulthood are largely unstudied, as are within-person associations. During these age periods, negative alcohol consequences may represent "teachable moments" via expectancy change.

Heterogeneity in effects of parent-child separation on young-adult substance use disorder.

A large body of literature suggests that parent-child separation predicts child maladjustment. However, further advancement in methodology is needed to account for heterogeneity in types of separation. Additionally, given a lack of research examining different types of separation as predictors of offspring substance use, further research into this topic is warranted.

Relations between impulsive personality traits, alcohol and cannabis co-use, and negative alcohol consequences: A test of cognitive and behavioral mediators.

Objective: Alcohol and cannabis co-users experience more negative alcohol consequences, but distal and mediating mechanisms of this association remain largely unstudied. Considering research suggests that individuals high in impulsivity and sensation seeking are more likely to be co-users, it is possible that co-users have more positive expectancies and become heavier drinkers, which confer risk for future negative consequences. Therefore, the current study tested prospective mediation models in which impulsive personality traits indirectly predicted negative consequences through co-use, heavier drinking, and expectancies.

Relations Between Child Temperament and Adolescent Negative Urgency in a High-Risk Sample.

Negative urgency, rash action during negative mood states, is a strong predictor of risky behavior. However, its developmental antecedents remain largely unstudied. The current study tested whether childhood temperament served as a developmental antecedent to adolescent negative urgency.

The prospective interactive effects of alcohol expectancies and subjective response on future drinking behavior.

Although alcohol expectancies and subjective response are independent predictors of drinking, social-cognitive theory suggests that expectancies may distort one's subjective response, creating discrepancies between expected and actual alcohol effects. A recent cross-sectional study found that unmet expectancies (using difference scores) were associated with heavier drinking. However, cross-sectional data cannot establish temporal precedence, and using difference scores ignores important conditional main effects.

Maternal Influences on Effortful Control in Adolescence: Developmental Pathways to Externalizing Behaviors.

Adolescents' effortful control is subject to numerous maternal influences. Specifically, a mother's own effortful control is associated with her child's effortful control. However, maternal substance use, psychopathology, and stress within the parenting role may also lead to poor effortful control for their child.

Alcohol Use Disorder and Parental Alcohol Use Disorder as Predictors of Reproductive Timing.

Objective: Research suggests associations between adolescent alcohol use and early reproduction, but other findings show that alcohol use disorder (AUD) may actually predict delayed reproduction. However, most studies generally do not consider the effects of parental AUD, which is correlated with AUD and may influence reproductive timing. The present study addressed these gaps by testing whether the individual's own AUD and parental AUD interacted with sex to predict reproductive timing.

Mother and Father Prescription Opioid Misuse, Alcohol Use Disorder, and Parent Knowledge in Pathways to Adolescent Alcohol Use.

Parenting during early adolescence is key in protecting adolescents against substance use initiation and patterned use. Parental alcohol use disorder is a robust risk factor for maladaptive parenting and adolescent alcohol use. However, it is unclear what effect parent prescription opioid misuse has on parenting and adolescent alcohol use.

Adolescent executive cognitive functioning and trait impulsivity as predictors of young-adult risky drinking and alcohol-related problems.

Executive cognitive functioning (ECF) and trait impulsivity have long been implicated in risky drinking and alcohol-related problems. However, research on these constructs has developed independently. The present study tested whether two subdomains of adolescent ECF (updating and response inhibition) and adolescent trait impulsivity, considered separately and together, predicted young-adult risky drinking and alcohol-related problems.

Effects of Observable Parent Alcohol Consequences and Parent Alcohol Disorder on Adolescent Alcohol Expectancies.

Background: Parental drinking and parent alcohol use disorder (AUD) are known predictors of adolescent positive alcohol expectancies, but their link to negative expectancies is unclear. Research suggests that parent drinking may indirectly predict adolescent expectancies through exposure to parental drinking events. However, exposure to parent negative alcohol consequences may be more relevant to adolescents' expectancies.

Sex-Differentiated Associations among Negative Parenting, Emotion-Related Brain Function, and Adolescent Substance Use and Psychopathology Symptoms.

Parenting is a critical factor in adolescent social-emotional development, with maladaptive parenting leading to risk for the development of psychopathology. However, the emotion-related brain mechanisms underlying the influence of parenting on psychopathology symptoms are unknown. The present study utilized functional magnetic resonance imaging and laboratory measures to examine sex-differentiated associations among parenting, adolescent emotion-related brain function, and substance use and psychopathology symptoms in 66 12-14 year olds.

Identifying adolescent protective factors that disrupt the intergenerational transmission of cannabis use and disorder.

Adolescent cannabis use is common, has been associated with several deleterious outcomes, and is often associated with previous parent cannabis use. Therefore, identifying protective factors that prevent this intergenerational transmission of cannabis use is increasingly important given shifting contemporary policies around cannabis use. The present study examines 3 protective factors in adolescence (active coping, positive activity involvement, and school grades) that may disrupt patterns of intergenerational cannabis use.

Exploring Cannabis-Specific Parenting as a Mechanism of the Intergenerational Transmission of Cannabis Use and Cannabis Use Disorder.

Objective: Parental cannabis use disorder (CUD) is a known risk factor in the development of adolescent cannabis use. One potential mechanism is parenting behaviors. This study considered cannabis-specific parenting strategies as a mechanism of the relation between parental CUD and adolescent cannabis use.