Dietary intake in undernourished adults living in Guinea-Bissau; a cross-sectional study.

Background: Data on dietary intake in Guinea-Bissau is limited. The main purpose of this study was to compare mean daily energy intake (EI) with mean daily energy expenditure (EE) for a moderately active lifestyle in health-seeking individuals with a body mass index < 20.0 kg/m.

National study of the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among Danish women from 2004 to 2012.

Aims: The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is increasing worldwide. We studied the prevalence of GDM from 2004 to 2012 in Danish women aged 15-49 years using registries with records of the diagnosis of GDM at delivery.

Methods: We conducted a national register-based study of 12,538 women with a diagnosis of GDM during a pregnancy leading to a live birth in the period 2004-2012.

Association between whole blood mercury and glucose intolerance among adult Inuit in Greenland.

Objectives: The Arctic diet is partly constituted by traditional food characterized by top predator animals such as whales, walrus, and seals with high mercury content. Mercury exposure has been associated with glucose intolerance in Western populations. We studied the association between whole blood mercury and glucose intolerance in a highly exposed non-Western population

Methods: Cross-sectional study of 2640 Inuit (18+ years) with information on ancestry, smoking, waist circumference, total energy intake, and physical activity.

Decrease in vitamin D status in the Greenlandic adult population from 1987-2010.

Background: Low vitamin D status may be pronounced in Arctic populations due to limited sun exposure and decreasing intake of traditional food.

Objective: To investigate serum 25(OH)D3 as a measure of vitamin D status among adult Inuit in Greenland, predictors of low serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations and the trend from 1987 to 2005-2010.

Design: A total of 2877 randomly selected Inuit (≥ 18 years) from the Inuit Health in Transition study were included.

Update of the German Diabetes Risk Score and external validation in the German MONICA/KORA study.

Aims: Several published diabetes prediction models include information about family history of diabetes. The aim of this study was to extend the previously developed German Diabetes Risk Score (GDRS) with family history of diabetes and to validate the updated GDRS in the Multinational MONItoring of trends and determinants in CArdiovascular Diseases (MONICA)/German Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) study.

Methods: We used data from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam study for extending the GDRS, including 21,846 participants.

Impact of the adipokine adiponectin and the hepatokine fetuin-A on the development of type 2 diabetes: prospective cohort- and cross-sectional phenotyping studies.

Background: Among adipokines and hepatokines, adiponectin and fetuin-A were consistently found to predict the incidence of type 2 diabetes, both by regulating insulin sensitivity.

Objective: To determine to what extent circulating adiponectin and fetuin-A are independently associated with incident type 2 diabetes in humans, and the major mechanisms involved.

Methods: Relationships with incident diabetes were tested in two cohort studies: within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam study (628 cases) and the Nurses' Health Study (NHS; 470 cases).

The value of genetic information for diabetes risk prediction - differences according to sex, age, family history and obesity.

Background: Genome-wide association studies have identified numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with type 2 diabetes through the past years. In previous studies, the usefulness of these genetic markers for prediction of diabetes was found to be limited. However, differences may exist between substrata of the population according to the presence of major diabetes risk factors.

Dietary patterns in Greenland and their relationship with type 2 diabetes mellitus and glucose intolerance.

Objective: Traditional Inuit dietary patterns have been found to be beneficial for CVD but have not been investigated in relation to glucose intolerance. We examined the association between dietary patterns and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG).

Design: Cross-sectional design with a priori derived dietary patterns from an FFQ resulted in five patterns: imported meat (n 196), traditional food (n 601), balanced diet (n 126), unhealthy diet (n 652) and standard diet (n 799).

Exposure to persistent organic pollutants and risk of hypertension among Inuit from Greenland.

Background: Exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is of concern in Arctic populations since these contaminants accumulate in fish and marine mammals, which is an important part of the traditional diet of these populations. Epidemiological and experimental studies have reported significant associations between POPs and increased blood pressure (BP) in populations with different degrees of exposure.

Objective: We aimed to assess the risk of hypertension related to increasing levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine (OC) pesticides.

Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and type 2 diabetes.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids are of particular interest in the nutritional therapy for diabetes, given their potential role in several pathophysiological processes related to cardiovascular disease. Both omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are beneficial for improving lipid profiles in healthy individuals and among type 2 diabetic patients: Supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids lowers triglycerides and VLDL-cholesterol. However, they might also increase LDL-cholesterol.

Consumption of traditional food and adherence to nutrition recommendations in Greenland.

Aims: The purpose was to study the composition of the Inuit diet, to assess the adherence to nutritional recommendations among the Inuit in Greenland, and to discuss the potential role of traditional food in improving dietary quality.

Methods: Cross-sectional study of adult Inuit (18+ years) from Greenland (n=2752, 43% men). Data were collected by a food frequency questionnaire.

Obesity studies in the circumpolar Inuit: a scoping review.

Background: Among circumpolar populations, recent research has documented a significant increase in risk factors which are commonly associated with chronic disease, notably obesity.

Objective: The present study undertakes a scoping review of research on obesity in the circumpolar Inuit to determine the extent obesity research has been undertaken, how well all subpopulations and geographic areas are represented, the methodologies used and whether they are sufficient in describing risk factors, and the prevalence and health outcomes associated with obesity.

Design: Online databases were used to identify papers published 1992-2011, from which we selected 38 publications from Canada, the United States, and Greenland that used obesity as a primary or secondary outcome variable in 30 or more non-pregnant Inuit ("Eskimo") participants aged 2 years or older.

Assessment of consumption of marine food in Greenland by a food frequency questionnaire and biomarkers.

Objectives: We studied the association and agreement between questionnaire data and biomarkers of marine food among Greenland Inuit.

Design: Cross sectional study.

Methods: The study population comprised 2,224 Inuit, age 18+ (43% men); data collected 2005-2008 in Greenland.

Glycemic index and glycemic load in relation to glucose intolerance among Greenland's Inuit population.

Background: Intake of carbohydrates which elicit a large glycemic response is hypothesized to increase the risk of diabetes. However, studies assessing the relationship between glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) and diabetes are inconsistent. Only few studies have studied the relationship between GI and GL and markers of glucose metabolism, mostly in western populations.

Inuit dietary patterns in modern Greenland.

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to apply two different approaches of dietary pattern definition to data from Greenland and to analyse the contemporary dietary patterns of the Inuit in Greenland in relation to urbanization and socio-economic positions.

Study Design: Cross-sectional population survey.

Methods: A total of 2,247 Inuit aged 18+ from 15 towns and villages in West Greenland (25% of all communities) were interviewed about their diet as part of a general health survey.