Transcriptomic signature of bacteria exposed to benzalkonium chloride.

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted our reliance on biocides, the increasing prevalence of resistance to biocides is a risk to public health. Bacterial exposure to the biocide, benzalkonium chloride (BAC), resulted in a unique transcriptomic profile, characterised by both a short and long-term response. Differential gene expression was observed in four main areas: motility, membrane composition, proteostasis, and the stress response.

The Hormetic Effect Observed for Benzalkonium Chloride and Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride in sp. HRI.

Hormesis, or the hormetic effect, is a dose- or concentration-dependent response characterised by growth stimulation at low concentrations and inhibition at high concentrations. The impact of sub-lethal levels of disinfectants on the growth of species is critical to understanding the increasing number of outbreaks caused by this pathogen in healthcare settings. sp.

Genomic Islands Identified in Highly Resistant sp. HRI: A Pathway to Discover New Disinfectant Resistance Elements.

Molecular insights into the mechanisms of resistance to disinfectants are severely limited, together with the roles of various mobile genetic elements. Genomic islands are a well-characterised molecular resistance element in antibiotic resistance, but it is unknown whether genomic islands play a role in disinfectant resistance. Through whole-genome sequencing and the bioinformatic analysis of sp.

Heterologous expression and characterisation of a keratinase produced by Chryseobacterium carnipullorum.

Chryseobacterium carnipullorum 9_R23581, isolated from raw chicken meat, was evaluated for its potential to degrade keratin found in feathers. The focus of this study was to heterologously express and characterise a keratinolytic enzyme produced by C. carnipullorum.

Genome Sequence of Resistant sp. Strain HRI, Isolated from a Bottle of Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride-Based Disinfectant.

Antimicrobial resistance is a significant issue, and it threatens the prevention and effective treatment of a range of bacterial infections. Here, we report the whole-genome sequence of the multidrug-resistant isolate sp. strain HRI.

Molecular basis of bacterial disinfectant resistance.

Antibiotic resistance could accelerate humanity towards an already fast-approaching post-antibiotic era, where disinfectants and effective biosecurity measures will be critically important to control microbial diseases. Disinfectant resistance has the potential to change our way of life from compromising food security to threatening our medical health systems. Resistance to antimicrobial agents occurs through either intrinsic or acquired resistance mechanisms.

Regulation of outer-membrane proteins (OMPs) A and F, during -induced outer-membrane vesicle (OMV) biosynthesis.

Background: Gram-negative bacteria actively secrete outer membrane vesicles into the surrounding environment and these vesicles have been shown to play various physiological and protective roles such as carrying antibiotic-degrading enzymes and acting as decoys against host defences, therefore promoting the pathogenesis of the bacterium. It has been shown that avian pathogenic species can increase vesicle biosynthesis through the acquisition of the gene but the effect this has on the cell by scavenging outer-membrane associated proteins (OmpA, OmpF) into the vesicles during vesicle release have not yet been investigated.

Results: Relative quantitative real-time PCR data obtained from expressing and non-expressing cells showed that during induction, showed a nearly 2-fold down regulation relative to the non-expressing cells during the entire 24 hours, while was expressed at the same level as the non-expressing cells during the first 8 hours of expression.

Detection of virulence factors of South African Lactococcus garvieae isolated from rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum).

Lactococcus garvieae is a Gram-positive bacterium that causes mortalities in freshwater and marine fish worldwide and therefore results in severe economic losses in the aquaculture industry. Apart from the apparent integral role of the exopolysaccharide (EPS) capsule in pathogenesis, factors associated with virulence of this bacterium are poorly understood. However, recent studies have indicated that the ability of L.

Selection of Avibacterium paragallinarum Page serovar B strains for an infectious coryza vaccine.

Infectious coryza is an important respiratory disease of chickens around the world and is caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum. Among the three Page serovars currently recognized for this bacterium, serovar B is a major circulating serovar in China nowadays. The cross-protection ability of the Page serovar B reference strain (0222) and five local isolates was evaluated by a vaccination-challenge trial in SPF chickens.

Evaluation of the ERIC-PCR as a probable method to differentiate Avibacterium paragallinarum serovars.

Infectious coryza, an upper respiratory tract disease in chickens, caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum, leads to huge economic losses. The disease is controlled through vaccination; but vaccination efficacy is dependent on correct identification of the infecting serovar, as limited cross-protection is reported amongst some serovars. Current identification methods include the heamagglutination inhibition test, which is demanding and could be subjective.

Molecular evolutionary dynamics of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases across kingdoms: Special focus on mycobacterial P450s.

Since the initial identification of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs/P450s), great progress has been made in understanding their structure-function relationship, diversity and application in producing compounds beneficial to humans. However, the molecular evolution of P450s in terms of their dynamics both at protein and DNA levels and functional conservation across kingdoms still needs investigation. In this study, we analyzed 17 598 P450s belonging to 113 P450 families (bacteria -42; fungi -19; plant -28; animal -22; plant and animal -1 and common P450 family -1) and found highly conserved and rapidly evolving P450 families.

Regulation of chicken immunity-related genes and host response profiles against Avibacterium paragallinarum pathogen challenge.

Infectious coryza (IC) is a well-recognised and commonly encountered upper respiratory tract disease in chickens. The aim of this study was to monitor aspects of the immune response of chickens infected with Avibacterium paragallinarum. Gene expression profiling of 30 genes was carried out for 11 chicken nasal area samples belonging to four groups, including one non-infected control group.

Bacteriophages as potential treatment option for antibiotic resistant bacteria.

The world is facing an ever-increasing problem with antibiotic resistant bacteria and we are rapidly heading for a post-antibiotic era. There is an urgent need to investigate alterative treatment options while there are still a few antibiotics left. Bacteriophages are viruses that specifically target bacteria.

Transcriptional profiling of chicken immunity-related genes during infection with Avibacterium paragallinarum.

Avibacterium paragallinarum is the causative agent of Infectious Coryza (IC), which is an upper respiratory tract disease in chickens. The occurrence of outbreaks has emphasized the significance of the disease globally in the chicken industry. Studies have demonstrated that early immune responses are critical in defining the severity and physiological outcome of an infection.

Bacterial resistance to Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QAC) disinfectants.

Control of bacterial diseases has, for many years, been dependent on the use of antibiotics. Due to the high levels of efficacy of antibiotics in the past other disease control options have, to a large extent, been neglected. Mankind is now facing an increasing problem with antibiotic resistance.