A three-dimensional model of emotional display rules: Model invariance, external validity, and gender differences.

In this foundational study, we test display rules for a set of 24 theoretically derived emotions to discover the key emotional dimensions underlying this important construct. Participants (Sample 1 [exploratory factor analysis, EFA] = 339, 18-77 years; Sample 2 [confirmatory factor analysis, CFA] = 477, 20-81 years) rated how important it was to control expressions of each emotion for them personally (self-rules). Sample 1 also gave ratings for other people (men-rules and women-rules).