Efficacy of a nicotine (4 mg)-containing lozenge on the cognitive impairment of nicotine withdrawal.

Objective: Controversy exists over the effect of tobacco deprivation in nicotine-dependent individuals and the efficacy of nicotine in reversing performance decrements. This study's aim was to assess the efficacy of nicotine (4-mg lozenge) versus placebo on aspects of cognitive and psychomotor performance, mood, and withdrawal symptoms in male and female established smokers.

Methods: Male and female smokers (N = 22; mean age, 28.

Smokeless tobacco topography and toxin exposure.

This study examined the relationship between oral smokeless tobacco (ST) topographical measures and biomarkers of tobacco and carcinogen exposure. During 2 weeks of baseline ad libitum ST use, 54 male participants (mean age=32.1+/-7.

Characteristics of cigarette smokers seeking treatment for cessation versus reduction.

Comparisons were made between cigarette smokers seeking treatment to quit smoking and cigarette smokers seeking treatment to reduce the number of cigarettes they smoke. Potential subjects were recruited from the local metropolitan area by advertisement in the local media. A total of 665 cigarette smokers telephoned our clinic to seek treatment for smoking cessation and 565 cigarette smokers telephoned to seek treatment to gradually reduce the number of cigarettes they smoke but not quit smoking.

Effect of pentobarbital, d-amphetamine, and nicotine on two models of sustained attention in pigeons.

Rationale: The animal literature examining the effects of drugs of abuse on sustained attention has provided conflicting results. One reason for these inconsistencies could be the different type of tasks used to measure sustained attention.

Objective: Acute effects of pentobarbital (0.