Mechanisms of oxidative injury in equine disease.

Oxygen is essential to aerobic life, but it is also associated with the production of highly reactive compounds that can pose danger to physiologic systems when the oxygen concentration is excessive. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are required for normal physiologic processes, but when produced in excess, they can overwhelm endogenous antioxidants, resulting in significant cellular damage and, eventually, cell death. Ischemic events can initiate numerous pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to increased production of ROS, loss of cellular energy production, and lipid peroxidation.

Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in horses: pathogenesis and therapeutics.

This article discusses the potential role of oxidative injury to the intestinal tract of horses and the therapeutic approaches that have been investigated to decrease cellular damage secondary to ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Equine colic is a major concern for horse owners and veterinary practitioners. Strangulating and obstructive lesions of the small and large intestines commonly require intervention in patients via exploratory celiotomy.

Physiologic effects of nasopharyngeal administration of supplemental oxygen at various flow rates in healthy neonatal foals.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of various flow rates of oxygen administered via 1 or 2 nasal cannulae on the fraction of inspired oxygen concentration (FIO2) and other arterial blood gas variables in healthy neonatal foals.

Animals: 9 healthy neonatal (3- to 4-day-old) foals.

Procedures: In each foal, a nasal cannula was introduced into each naris and passed into the nasopharynx to the level of the medial canthus of each eye; oxygen was administered at 4 flow rates through either 1 or both cannulae (8 treatments/foal).

Pharmacokinetics of lamivudine in cats.

Objective: To characterize the pharmacokinetics of lamivudine (3TC) in cats.

Animals: 6 sexually intact 9-month-old barrier-reared domestic shorthair cats.

Procedure: Cats were randomly alloted into 3 groups, and lamivudine (25 mg/kg) was administered i.

Pharmacokinetics of zidovudine in cats.

Objective: To characterize the pharmacokinetics of zidovudine (AZT) in cats.

Animals: 6 sexually intact 9-month-old barrier-reared domestic shorthair cats.

Procedure: Cats were randomly alloted into 3 groups, and zidovudine (25 mg/kg) was administered i.

Differential expression of sheep beta-defensin-1 and -2 and interleukin 8 during acute Mannheimia haemolytica pneumonia.

Beta-defensins are antimicrobial peptides produced by several cell types, including respiratory epithelia and leukocytes. Expression of some beta-defensins is increased by bacterial-induced inflammatory responses whereas expression of other beta-defensins is constitutive. Two beta-defensins are expressed in lungs of sheep (sheep beta-defensin-1 and -2; SBD-1/-2) and expression of SBD-1 is increased during parainfluenza virus type 3 (PI-3) infection.

Infection with Basidiobolus ranarum in two dogs.

Basidiobolus ranarum is a saprophytic fungus in the environment that also is a part of the endogenous microflora in the gastrointestinal tract of several vertebrates. These organisms may penetrate skin or muscosa of humans and other animals, causing granulomatous inflammation. Two dogs infected with B.