The neuropharmacology of kratom, a novel psychoactive natural product.

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa, Korth.) is a tropical tree that is indigenous to Southeast Asia. When ingested, kratom leaves or decoctions from the leaves have been reported to produce complex stimulant and opioid-like effects.

Pharmacokinetic profile and physiological effects of oral and compounded intravenous gabapentin in goats.

Objective: To determine the pharmacokinetics and physiological effects following oral and intravenous (IV) administration of gabapentin in goats.

Study Design: Prospective, crossover study with a 3 week washout period between treatments.

Animals: A total of eight healthy, client-owned, female goats.

Kratom as a potential substance use disorder harm reduction agent.

Substance use disorders contribute to considerable U.S. morbidity and mortality.

Nalmefene Hydrochloride: Potential Implications for Treating Alcohol and Opioid Use Disorder.

Nalmefene hydrochloride was first discovered as an opioid antagonist derivative of naltrexone in 1975. It is among the most potent opioid antagonists currently on the market and is differentiated from naloxone and naltrexone by its partial agonist activity at the kappa-opioid receptor which may benefit in the treatment of alcohol use disorder. Oral nalmefene has been approved in the European Union for treatment of alcohol use disorder since 2013.

An update on the clinical pharmacology of kratom: uses, abuse potential, and future considerations.

Introduction: Kratom () has generated substantial clinical and scientific interest as a complex natural product. Its predominant alkaloid mitragynine and several stereoisomers have been studied for activity in opioid, adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. While awaiting clinical trial results, the pre-clinical evidence suggests a range of potential therapeutic applications for kratom with careful consideration of potential adverse effects.

Correlations of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) tea bag preparations and reported pharmacological effects.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: The use of herbal tea infusions is widespread in ethnomedicine throughout the world. One such ethnobotanical is kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth., Rubiaceae) which has gained considerable interest as an herbal supplement in recent years in the West beyond its native Southeast Asia.

Correlations of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) use behavior and psychiatric conditions from a cross-sectional survey.

Kratom ( Korth.) use has increased substantially over the past decade outside of its indigenous regions, especially for the self-treatment of psychiatric conditions. An anonymous, cross-sectional, online survey was completed by 4,945 people who use kratom (PWUK) between July 2019 and July 2020.

Acute, Sublethal, and Developmental Toxicity of Kratom ( Korth.) Leaf Preparations on as an Invertebrate Model for Human Exposure.

Kratom ( Korth.) is a tree native to Southeast Asia with stimulant and opioid-like effects which has seen increased use in Europe and North America in recent years. Its safety and pharmacological effects remain under investigation, especially in regard to developmental and generational toxicity.

Exploring the self-reported motivations of kratom ( Korth.) use: a cross-sectional investigation.

Kratom ( Korth.) use outside of Southeast Asia has increased over the past decade. This investigation clarifies kratom's role in perceived well-being, overall health, and temporal correlation with drug use to understand kratom's role in the self-treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs).

Understanding Kratom Use: A Guide for Healthcare Providers.

Kratom ( Korth., Rubiaceae) is a plant native to Southeast Asia, where it has been used for centuries as a mild stimulant and as medicine for various ailments. More recently, as kratom has gained popularity in the West, United States federal agencies have raised concerns over its safety leading to criminalization in some states and cities.

How essential is kratom availability and use during COVID-19? Use pattern analysis based on survey and social media data.

Kratom, a tree native to Southeast Asia, is increasingly used in Western countries for self-treatment of pain, psychiatric disorders, and mitigation of withdrawal symptoms from drugs of abuse. Because kratom is solely supplied from its native locations, supply shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic may impact the availability of preparations and hence force consumers to change their patterns of use. The aim of this study was to understand if and how COVID-19 was influencing kratom purchasing and use.

Pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine in horses following oral administration.

This study aimed to investigate pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine in horses and validate a method for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of serum levels. Fluoxetine pharmacokinetics were determined using 10 healthy, adult horses. Fluoxetine pharmacokinetics following a single oral dose (0.

Can Kratom () Alleviate COVID-19 Pain? A Case Study.

Among the symptoms of COVID-19 fever, general malaise, pain and aches, myalgia, fatigue, and headache can affect the quality of life of patients, even after the end of the acute phase of the infection and can be long lasting. The current treatment of these symptoms, also because COVID-19 patients have been asked not to use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), in particular ibuprofen are often unsatisfactory. Among the above mentioned symptoms malaise and fatigue seem the most difficult to treat.

Evaluation of the Mitragynine Content, Levels of Toxic Metals and the Presence of Microbes in Kratom Products Purchased in the Western Suburbs of Chicago.

Kratom (, Korth) is a tree-like plant that is indigenous to Southeast Asia. Kratom leaf products have been used in traditional folk medicine for their unique combination of stimulant and opioid-like effects. Kratom is being increasingly used in the West for its reputed benefits in the treatment of pain, depression and opioid use disorder.

The Potential for Kratom as an Antidepressant and Antipsychotic.

, otherwise known as kratom, is a plant in the coffee family (Rubiaceae) native to Southeast Asia and Thailand whose leaves have been shown to cause opioid-like and stimulant responses upon ingestion. The major pharmacologically active compounds present in kratom, mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine (7-HMG), are both indole alkaloids and are responsible for its opioid-like activity. While kratom is most commonly known for its affinity for mu-opioid receptors, research has shown one of its active components has effects on the same receptors to which some antipsychotics bind, such as D dopamine, serotonin (5-HT and 5-HT), and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors displaying possible indications of kratom to be used as both antipsychotics and antidepressants.

Self-reported Health Diagnoses and Demographic Correlates With Kratom Use: Results From an Online Survey.

Objectives: To determine whether diagnosed pre-existing health conditions correlate with Kratom demographics and use patterns.

Methods: A cross-sectional, anonymous US national online survey was conducted among 8049 Kratom users in October, 2016 to obtain demographic, health, and Kratom use pattern information.

Results: People who use Kratom to mitigate illicit drug dependence self-reported less pain and better overall health than individuals who used Kratom for acute/chronic pain.

Distinct kratom user populations across the United States: A regional analysis based on an online survey.

Objective: Kratom preparations have raised concerns of public health and safety in the United States. This paper analyzed the patterns and predictors of kratom use by four U.S.

Current perspectives on the impact of Kratom use.

The leaves from the tree , commonly known as Kratom, in the coffee plant family (Rubiaceae) are commonly used in their native habitat of Southeast Asia as a stimulant to sustain energy during hard day labor and as an opioid-like analgesic and sedative. Traditional and modern uses overlap based on the effects of the leaf extract which has also gained popularity in the United States and Europe in the last two decades. Kratom has and is being used for the mitigation of opioid withdrawal symptoms and as a harm reduction agent with a minority of users subsequently developing a dependence on the extract.

Kratom policy: The challenge of balancing therapeutic potential with public safety.

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a tree-like plant indigenous to Southeast Asia. Its leaves, and the teas brewed from them have long been used by people in that region to stave off fatigue and to manage pain and opioid withdrawal. Evidence suggests kratom is being increasingly used by people in the United States and Europe for the self-management of opioid withdrawal and treatment of pain.

Distinct pathways generate peptides from defective ribosomal products for CD8+ T cell immunosurveillance.

To understand better the endogenous sources of MHC class I peptide ligands, we generated an antigenic reporter protein whose degradation is rapidly and reversibly controlled with Shield-1, a cell-permeant drug. Using this system, we demonstrate that defective ribosomal products (DRiPs) represent a major and highly efficient source of peptides and are completely resistant to our attempts to stabilize the protein. Although peptides also derive from nascent Shield-1-sensitive proteins and "retirees" created by Shield-1 withdrawal, these are much less efficient sources on a molar basis.

WLS-dependent secretion of WNT3A requires Ser209 acylation and vacuolar acidification.

Wnt proteins are secreted post-translationally modified proteins that signal locally to regulate development and proliferation. The production of bioactive Wnts requires a number of dedicated factors in the secreting cell whose coordinated functions are not fully understood. A screen for small molecules identified inhibitors of vacuolar acidification as potent inhibitors of Wnt secretion.