Lung Imaging in COPD Part 2: Emerging Concepts.

The diagnosis, prognostication, and differentiation of phenotypes of COPD can be facilitated by CT scan imaging of the chest. CT scan imaging of the chest is a prerequisite for lung volume reduction surgery and lung transplantation. Quantitative analysis can be used to evaluate extent of disease progression.

Assessing the impact of mHealth interventions in low- and middle-income countries--what has been shown to work?

Background: Low-cost mobile devices, such as mobile phones, tablets, and personal digital assistants, which can access voice and data services, have revolutionised access to information and communication technology worldwide. These devices have a major impact on many aspects of people's lives, from business and education to health. This paper reviews the current evidence on the specific impacts of mobile technologies on tangible health outcomes (mHealth) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), from the perspectives of various stakeholders.

Aetiology and management of malnutrition in HIV-positive children.

Worldwide, more than 3 million children are infected with HIV and, without treatment, mortality among these children is extremely high. Both acute and chronic malnutrition are major problems for HIV-positive children living in resource-limited settings. Malnutrition on a background of HIV represents a separate clinical entity, with unique medical and social aetiological factors.

Impact of spiral computed tomography on the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in a community hospital setting.

Background: While the optimal role of spiral CT angiography (CTA) in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE) remains controversial, this technology is already being widely utilized in the community setting.

Objectives: To assess the impact CTA has had on angiography utilization rates and the overall diagnostic rate of PE.

Methods: All patients evaluated for PE during a 4-year period were studied.

Effectiveness of programs to decrease antimicrobial resistance in the intensive care unit.

Resistance of microbes to antibiotics is an increasing problem in intensive care units (ICUs) with a prevalence of 86% in some isolates. Resistance results in increased morbidity, mortality, and increased costs. Risk factors associated with the development of resistance and strategies to combat resistance are discussed.

Acute exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: current strategies with pharmacological therapy.

In acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD), short-acting inhaled bronchodilators, such as salbutamol (albuterol) and ipratropium bromide, have proven useful. In patients who are refractory to these agents, intravenous aminophylline should be considered. Corticosteroids should also be used, either in the outpatient or inpatient setting.

The challenge of nonresolving pneumonia. Knowing the norms of radiographic resolution is key.

Pneumonia that fails to resolve after 10 to 14 days of antibiotic therapy can lead physicians to call for consultation or unnecessary invasive diagnostic procedures. Understanding the infectious and noninfectious causes of pneumonia and their normal times to resolution is enormously helpful in the judicious evaluation of and timely intervention in this very challenging condition.