Economics and Equity of Large Language Models: Health Care Perspective.

Large language models (LLMs) continue to exhibit noteworthy capabilities across a spectrum of areas, including emerging proficiencies across the health care continuum. Successful LLM implementation and adoption depend on digital readiness, modern infrastructure, a trained workforce, privacy, and an ethical regulatory landscape. These factors can vary significantly across health care ecosystems, dictating the choice of a particular LLM implementation pathway.

Age, Adverse Childhood Experiences, and Health Care Utilization.

Objectives: To assess whether the association of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) with pediatric health care utilization differs by age.

Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we included patients completing primary care ACEs screening between January 2020 and September 2021. Pediatric ACEs and Related Life Events Screener Part 1 scores were categorized 0, 1 to 3, or ≥4 (none, low, and high, respectively).

Academic Health Centers and Humanitarian Crises: One Health System's Response to Unaccompanied Children at the Border.

University of California Health (UCH) provided a system-wide, rapid response to the humanitarian crisis of unaccompanied children crossing the southern U.S. border in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021.

Does high scatter on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition general ability index reduce validity in predicting Wechsler Memory Scale-Fourth Edition indexes?

We examined whether significant scatter in WAIS-IV GAI will reduce its validity to predict performance on WMS-IV indexes. Participants were 330 individuals with neurological, psychiatric, or neurodevelopmental disorders and 59 referrals who were found to be free of a diagnosable disorder. For VCI > PRI, 59.

Relative subtest scatter on the WAIS-IV in a clinical sample referred for outpatient neuropsychological evaluation.

Objective: The primary aim of this study was to examine relative inter-subtest variability, or scatter, on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) in a clinical sample of patients referred for neuropsychological evaluation and compare the findings to corresponding data from the scale's standardization sample.

Method: Participants were 638 individuals diagnosed primarily with neurological, psychiatric, or neurodevelopmental disorders who completed the 10 core subtests of the WAIS-IV as part of a comprehensive assessment battery.

Results: Mean participant scores on the WAIS-IV Full Scale IQ and all index composites were within the average range, overall, but were significantly below those of the standardization sample.

SARS-CoV-2 acquisition and immune pathogenesis among school-aged learners in four diverse schools.

Background: Understanding SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is necessary to reopen schools safely.

Methods: We measured SARS-CoV-2 infection in 320 learners [10.5 ± 2.

SARS-CoV-2 Acquisition and Immune Pathogenesis Among School-Aged Learners in Four Diverse Schools.

Background: Understanding SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is necessary to reopen schools safely.

Methods: We measured SARS-CoV-2 infection in 320 learners [10.5 ± 2.

Frequency of occurrence of four- and five-factor WAIS-IV profiles.

Interpretive strategies for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) include Wechsler's four-factor structure and the five-factor Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model. The frequency of profile occurrence and the contribution of demographic- and ability-related variables to their incidence are unknown. Current participants were 291 referrals (males = 134; female = 157) for neuropsychological evaluation with mean years for age and education of 34.

Olfactory deficits in frontotemporal dementia as measured by the Alberta Smell Test.

The study of olfaction in neurodegeneration has primarily focused on Alzheimer's disease. Research of olfaction in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) has generally not been empirically studied. The current study compared olfaction in FTD to major depressive disorder (MDD) using the Alberta Smell Test (AST).

Intraindividual neuropsychological test variability in healthy individuals with high average intelligence and educational attainment.

Knowledge of patterns of neuropsychological performance among normal, healthy individuals is integral to the practice of clinical neuropsychology, because clinicians may not always account for intraindividual variability (IIV) before coming to diagnostic conclusions. The IIV was assessed among a sample of 46 healthy individuals with high average intelligence and educational attainment, utilizing a battery of neuropsychological tests, including the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) and Wechsler Memory Scale, Fourth Edition (WMS-IV). The data indicated substantial variability in neurocognitive abilities.

Distinguishing Alzheimer's disease from vascular dementia: an exploration of five cognitive domains.

The disease process of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Vascular Dementia (VaD) are dissimilar; however, the cognitive presentations may be difficult to distinguish as they may present in tandem or result in similar deficits despite different pathogenesis. This study examined the efficacy of memory, confrontational naming, visuoconstructional ability, processing speed, and executive functioning in differentiating AD from VaD. Delayed verbal memory, visuoconstructional ability, and confrontational naming as measured by WMS-R Logical Memory II, WAIS-R Block Design (BD), and Boston Naming Test, respectively, were most effective in discriminating between these two disorders.

IQ predicts neuropsychological performance in children.

Introduction: This study examined whether IQ predicts neuropsychological performance among children with varying ability levels.

Method: 177 children/adolescents were subdivided as Below Average (BA; N = 71; IQ = 60-85), Average (A; N = 72; IQ = 90-110), or Above Average (AA; N = 34; IQ = 115-140) in IQ. Assessments included intelligence, achievement, memory, and executive functioning measures.

Corollary-and discrepancy-based approaches for examining the appropriateness of premorbid cognitive estimation in geriatric schizophrenia.

Objective: This article addresses whether measures for assessing premorbid intellectual functioning are adequate for geriatric schizophrenia.

Method: We included geriatric schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (SSD; n = 37), frontotemporal dementia (FTD; n = 41), and geriatric controls (n = 107), and employed measures of verbal ability.

Results: Pearson's correlations and ANOVAs for discrepancy comparisons showed unique patterns of spared function in SSD when compared to FTD and controls.

Subcortical profile of memory compromise among HIV-1-infected individuals.

Objective: To examine the hypothesis of subcortical pathologic impairment in HIV/AIDS.

Method: The study included 22 HIV+, 22 HIV- controls, 22 learning disordered (LD) HIV-, and 22 depressive HIV-. The groups were compared on eight WMS-III Indices.

Pattern of memory compromise in chronic geriatric schizophrenia, frontotemporal dementia and normal geriatric controls.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore whether memory deficits in schizophrenia are attributable to poor organisation/encoding during initial learning vs. memory decay.

Methods: Subjects included geriatric schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorders [SSD; n = 37; age = 59.

Bilingualism, brain injury, and recovery: implications for understanding the bilingual and for therapy.

Psychologists and other therapists are seeing an increasingly large number of bilingual individuals. Such clients are a special challenge when there has been some type of brain injury or disease because of the seemingly unpredictable effect such disorders may have on language skills, impacting either or both of the client's languages and interfering with internal speech that plays a role in higher cognitive functions such as insight and awareness. While there are many clinical assumptions about which language will show the least impairment or recover the best, such suppositions based on clinical lore are often contradictory.

Neuropsychological consequences of HIV in children: a review of current literature.

Pediatric HIV has reached epidemic proportions. In 1997, 1.1 million children younger than 15 were living with HIV or AIDS.

Can the MMPI-2 discriminate between mild-moderate TBI and other neurologic and psychiatric populations?

MMPI-2 maintains an extensive empirical base with psychiatric populations, although more recently, neurologically compromised patients have documented unique elevation patterns. This study examined mild-moderate TBI patients, Alzheimer's Dementia patients, and Psychiatric controls on MMPI-2 scales. Participants included 160 outpatients (TBI n = 26, AD n = 74, Psychiatric n = 60).

Improving neuropsychological function after chronic brain injury with hyperbaric oxygen.

Purpose: One suggested treatment for chronic brain injury (CBI) is the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT). The present study was an evaluation of neuropsychological improvement after HBOT in CBI patients.

Method: Study 1 compared test - retest results of 21 CBI children treated with HBOT against test - retest results of 42 untreated brain injured and normal children.

Differential performance of Alzheimer's and vascular dementia patients on a brief battery of neuropsychological tests.

The purpose of this article was to examine the differences in neuropsychological test performance between groups with Alzheimer's and vascular dementia. Patients included in this study were those diagnosed with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) or Vascular Dementia (VAD) through a series of neuroradiological tests that included at a minimum a CT or MRI scan and a SPECT scan. Of the 113 AD patients, the average age was 80.

Self-change: A pathway to cannabis abuse resolution.

Long-term daily cannabis abusers (N = 25) who without treatment stopped using cannabis for at least one year were interviewed about their past substance use, antecedents to change, and factors supportive of change. Respondents' cannabis problems decreased in the year prior to their recovery compared to their lifetime use. Respondents described their successful quit attempts through structured interviews and autobiographical narratives.

Cell phone use and visual attention.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate how much cell phones and just speaking (similar to speaking to someone in the car vs a hands-free cell phone task) interfere with visual attention skills as might be required in a driving situation. Influence of cell phones on attention has been noted but little research has been completed. Licensed adult drivers were divided into three groups (ns = 15) with all subjects taking the Connors Continuous Performance Test II.

The differential impacts of Alzheimer's dementia, head injury, and stroke on personality dysfunction.

The current study was an attempt to empirically measure and compare the personality effects of Alzheimer's dementia, stroke, and head injury. The study hypothesized that there are differences in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) patterns generated by the three groups. It was hypothesized that head injury shows the most personality dysfunction.