Microsaccades during high speed continuous visual search.

Here, we provide an analysis of the microsaccades that occurred during continuous visual search and targeting of small faces that we pasted either into cluttered background photos or into a simple gray background. Subjects continuously used their eyes to target singular 3-degree upright or inverted faces in changing scenes. As soon as the participant's gaze reached the target face, a new face was displayed in a different and random location.

Stimulus Onset Hub: an Open-Source, Low Latency, and Opto-Isolated Trigger Box for Neuroscientific Research Replicability and Beyond.

Accurate stimulus onset timing is critical to almost all behavioral research. Auditory, visual, or manual response time stimulus onsets are typically sent through wires to various machines that record data such as: eye gaze positions, electroencephalography, stereo electroencephalography, and electrocorticography. These stimulus onsets are collated and analyzed according to experimental condition.

High Resolution Human Eye Tracking During Continuous Visual Search.

While several studies have shown human subjects' impressive ability to detect faces in individual images in paced settings (Crouzet et al., 2010), we here report the details of an eye movement dataset in which subjects rapidly and continuously targeted single faces embedded in different scenes at rates approaching six face targets each second (including blinks and eye movement times). In this paper, we describe details of a large publicly available eye movement dataset of this new psychophysical paradigm (Martin et al.

Zapping 500 faces in less than 100 seconds: Evidence for extremely fast and sustained continuous visual search.

A number of studies have shown human subjects' impressive ability to detect faces in individual images, with saccade reaction times starting as fast as 100 ms after stimulus onset. Here, we report evidence that humans can rapidly and continuously saccade towards single faces embedded in different scenes at rates approaching 6 faces/scenes each second (including blinks and eye movement times). These observations are impressive, given that humans usually make no more than 2 to 5 saccades per second when searching a single scene with eye movements.

Targeting of the purine biosynthesis host cell pathway enhances the activity of tenofovir against sensitive and drug-resistant HIV-1.

Background: Targeting host-cell pathways to increase the potency of nucleoside/nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) is an important strategy for clinical investigation. Resveratrol is a natural product that inhibits cellular ribonucleotide reductase, prolonging the S phase of the cell cycle and preferentially lowering dATP levels.

Methods: We performed in vitro evaluation of resveratrol on the antiviral activity of adenosine analog tenofovir (TFV) against sensitive and drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), from subtypes B and C, in primary cells.

Impact of age, gender, and race on circulating γδ T cells.

A major subset of human peripheral blood γδ T cells expresses the Vγ2Vδ2 T cell receptor and responds to malignant or infectious diseases. We noted significant differences in the numbers of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in blood samples from healthy Caucasian CA or African American (AA) donors. On average, CA donors had 3.

Viral load decay in antiretroviral-naïve patients receiving once-daily tenofovir and emtricitabine plus twice-daily nevirapine.

Purpose: The once-daily nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor backbone of tenofovir and emtricitabine has been proven effective in combination with efavirenz and protease inhibitors in large clinical trials. This study evaluated tenofovir and emtricitabine in combination with nevirapine.

Methods: Viral load was assessed at baseline, Day 3, and Day 7 in addition to Weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 60, 72, and 84 in 10 antiretroviral-naïve patients participating in an open-label clinical trial of tenofovir and emtricitabine once daily in combination with nevirapine twice daily.

Impacts of HIV infection on Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cell phenotype and function: a mechanism for reduced tumor immunity in AIDS.

HIV infection causes rapid and lasting defects in the population of Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells. To fully describe the impact of HIV, we examined PBMC samples from HIV+ patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy, who had displayed prolonged viral control and CD4 counts above 300 cells/mm3. We observed lower frequencies of CD27-/CD45RA- Vgamma2Vdelta2 cells in HIV+ individuals when compared with controls, coupled with an increased proportion of CD45RA+ cells.

Tenofovir and abacavir combination therapy: lessons learned from an urban clinic population.

Regimens containing abacavir (ABC), tenofovir (TDF), and lamivudine (3TC) have recently been demonstrated to have high failure rates. This poses a clinical dilemma of how to manage patients currently being treated with other regimens containing tenofovir/abacavir. We evaluated the outcomes of tenofovir/abacavir regimens in our clinical practice through a retrospective review of 2655 charts.

Brucellosis in San Diego: epidemiology and species-related differences in acute clinical presentations.

Although aggressive public health measures have greatly reduced the number of brucellosis cases in the United States, there is a resurgence of interest in this worldwide zoonosis because of its potential as a bioweapon and its 8-fold higher incidence in California, Texas, and the other borderlands between the United States and Mexico compared with the national rate. Accordingly, we reviewed the clinical records of 28 patients diagnosed at a university hospital in San Diego, CA, between 1979 and 2002 to look for new epidemiologic trends and to test the hypothesis that there are species-specific differences in clinical presentations. In contrast to the latest California-wide study completed in 1992, Brucella abortus infections were more common (73%) than Brucella melitensis after 1992, and women were more commonly infected (77% compared with 39%) than men.

The effect of moving to a new hospital facility on the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Background: The influence of hospital design on nosocomial transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is unknown. Our hospital's relocation to a new building with radically different ward design allowed us to study this question. Our old hospital facility had open bay wards and intensive care units, and few poorly located sinks for handwashing (bed:sink ratio 4:1).

Association between longer duration of HIV-suppressive therapy and partial recovery of the V gamma 2 T cell receptor repertoire.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection alters the function and repertoire of peripheral blood gamma delta T cells expressing the V gamma 2/V delta 2 T cell receptor (TCR). A cross-sectional comparison of the V gamma 2 TCR repertoire was performed for 56 HIV-infected subjects, 51 of whom were receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), to measure changes in the V gamma 2 TCR repertoire. Longer durations of HAART were associated with partial recovery of the normal TCR repertoire, and recovery was greatest in subjects with complete virus suppression.