Simulation of visual impairment in persons with normal vision for scientific research.

Simulation of visual impairment in healthy eyes has multiple applications in students' training, research and product development. However, due to the absence of an existing standard protocol, the method of simulation was left to the discretion of the researcher. This review aimed to outline the various methods of simulating visual impairment and categorising them.

Normative Data for Parameters of Accommodation in African Schoolchildren.

Significance: The reported interracial differences in normative data for parameters of accommodation call for investigating population-specific normative values. The study investigated and presents expected data for accommodative parameters among Ghanaian children.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine expected values for parameters of accommodation among schoolchildren in the Central Region of Ghana.

Convergence insufficiency symptom survey (CISS) scores are predictive of severity and number of clinical signs of convergence insufficiency in young adult Africans.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the correlation between convergence insufficiency symptom survey (CISS) score and the signs of convergence insufficiency (CI) and to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the CISS to predict CI and ametropia among young adult university students.

Method: This prospective cross-sectional clinic-based study included 300 first year university students (mean age = 21.58 (SD ± 2.

Normative Data for Nonstrabismic Binocular Vision Parameters in African Schoolchildren.

Significance: With reported population differences in parameters of nonstrabismic binocular vision, the present study investigated and reports normative data among a sample of African children.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine expected binocular visual function data among schoolchildren in the Central Region of Ghana.

Methods: The study used a prospective cross-sectional design and used a multistage cluster sampling approach.

Socio-demographic factors modify awareness, knowledge, and perceived risk of glaucoma in rural and urban residents in Ghana: a population-based survey.

Purpose: To evaluate the awareness, knowledge and the perception of risks of glaucoma among rural and urban dwellers in Ghana, a high prevalent country, in order to provide information for health promotion planning.

Method: In a population-based descriptive cross-sectional survey, 1200 adults were selected from household settings, using a two-stage cluster and simple systematic random sampling. Quantitative data collection, using interviewer-administered questionnaire, was employed.

Laser-induced autofluorescence assisted by multivariate techniques discriminates a cataractous lens from healthy lens tissues of Sprague-Dawley rats.

Laser-induced autofluorescence (LIAF), combined with multivariate techniques, has been used to discriminate a cataractous lens from healthy lens tissues. In this study, 405 nm and 445 nm were used as excitation sources to induce the autofluorescence. Results show higher autofluorescence intensity in cataractous lens tissues than in healthy ones.

Normative Values of Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer Thickness and Optic Nerve Head Parameters and Their Association with Visual Function in an African Population.

Purpose: To determine normative values of retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (RNFL) and optic nerve head (ONH) parameters and their association with routine clinical tests such as refractive error (RE), stereoacuity (SA), and contrast sensitivity (CS) in an African population.

Methods: In a cross-sectional observational study, 100 normal subjects aged 20 to 78 years were evaluated using the Cirrus HD-OCT 5000 and matched with 200 glaucoma patients.

Results: Average (±SD) RNFL thickness for normal subjects was found to be 102.

Ocular Health and Safety Assessment among Mechanics of the Cape Coast Metropolis, Ghana.

Purpose: To conduct an ocular health and safety assessment among mechanics in the Cape Coast Metropolis, Ghana.

Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study included 500 mechanics using multistage sampling. All participants filled a structured questionnaire on demographic data, occupational history and ocular health history.

Visual function among commercial vehicle drivers in the central region of Ghana.

Aim: To determine the relationship between some visual functions: colour vision defects, abnormal stereopsis, visual acuity and the occurrence of road traffic accident (RTAs) among commercial vehicle drivers in the central region of Ghana, and to assess their knowledge of these anomalies.

Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study employing a multi-stage random sampling approach was conducted in the major commercial towns within the central region of Ghana. Participants were taken through a comprehensive eye examination after the administration of a structured questionnaire.

Visual impairment attributable to uncorrected refractive error and other causes in the Ghanaian youth: The University of Cape Coast Survey.

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of visual impairment attributable to refractive error and other causes in a youthful Ghanaian population.

Methods: A prospective survey of all consecutive visits by first-year tertiary students to the Optometry clinic between August, 2013 and April, 2014. Of the 4378 first-year students aged 16-39 years enumerated, 3437 (78.

The efficacy of stingless bee honey for the treatment of bacteria-induced conjunctivitis in guinea pigs.

The efficacy of the conjunctival application of a crude concentration of stingless bee honey (SBH) for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis was investigated in an animal model. Bacterial conjunctivitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa was induced in Hartley guinea pigs. The conjunctival application of SBH or gentamicin was used for treatment, and the results of this treatment were compared with control values.