In Ovo and Day of Hatch Application of a Live Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Vaccine to Commercial Broilers.

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an economically important disease of young chickens caused by an , the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). The causative virus is highly resilient in poultry environments and vaccination is the most effective measure for IBDV control. However, both the suspected neutralization of highly attenuated strains by maternal antibodies and the assumed virulence of partly attenuated strains have limited the implementation of conventional live IBDV vaccine strains in pre- and posthatch chicks.

Dependence of eelgrass (Zostera marina) light requirements on sediment organic matter in Massachusetts coastal bays: implications for remediation and restoration.

Using a calibrated bio-optical model we determined that the optical water quality conditions in several nitrogen-impaired embayments and in one unimpaired system were within the range of values known to support eelgrass growth. We also used the model to identify a range of light requirements for eelgrass (Zostera marina). Higher eelgrass light requirements, expressed as a percentage of surface-incident irradiance, corresponded with higher sediment organic matter content.

Diagnostic value of clinical grind test for carpometacarpal osteoarthritis of the thumb.

Study Design: Clinical Measurement.

Introduction: Thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) osteoarthritis is a frequent cause of thumb pain.

Purpose Of The Study: To evaluate the interrater reliability and the criterion validity of the grind test for thumb CMC osteoarthritis.